Science and technology achievements in the Song Dynasty－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－�

Author: Jiusan Society Kaifeng Municipal Party Committee Publisher: Chu Feng Release Date: 2010-2-28 Source: Yizheng.com

The Song Dynasty was one of the most prosperous economy, most developed science and technology, most prosperous culture, the most profound art, and the richest living standards in the world. It was not only the country with the most inventions in the world at that time, but also the period when China contributed the most to the world. More than half of the important inventions in Chinese history appeared in the Song Dynasty.

In the introduction to his book "History of Science and Technology of China", British scholar Joseph Needham mentioned: "Whenever people look for a specific scientific and technological historical material in Chinese literature, they often find that its focus is on the Song Dynasty, whether in applied science or pure science." Marx also highly praised the three major inventions of the Song Dynasty: "Fire, compass, and printing - these are three great inventions that harbour the arrival of bourgeois society. Fire yao exploded the knight class to pieces, the compass opened up the world market and established colonies, but printing became

The tools of religion, and generally speaking, become the means of scientific rejuvenation, and become the most powerful driving force for the necessary prerequisite for the development of the creative spirit." According to incomplete statistics, the Song Dynasty was at the forefront of more than 100 science and technology in the world (see the appendix for details), and the content involved movable type printing, fire, compass, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, biology, building technology and other fields. These science and technology were widely used in production and life fields such as cultural communication, military wars, agriculture and handicrafts, and provided reliable guarantees for economic prosperity and social progress in the Song Dynasty.

Many scientific and technological achievements in the Song Dynasty involved the agricultural field, which increased labor productivity, created a large amount of social wealth, and provided a large amount of surplus labor to the society, resulting in many surplus labor being devoted to various fields of handicrafts, commerce and social services, making the social handicrafts and commerce extremely active in the Song Dynasty, presenting a social style different from traditional agricultural society. Some people estimate that the GDP output value in the Northern Song Dynasty accounted for 50% of the world at that time, which was truly rich in the world.

Three of the four great inventions that are famous in the world began in the Song Dynasty. Among them, movable type printing was invented in the Song Dynasty. The woodblock printing technology was widely used in the Song Dynasty. The Imperial College, the four major book engraving centers in the country and book shops in various places were extremely active. The woodblock printing books in the Song Dynasty were widely circulated in society, laying a good foundation for the spread and prosperity of culture. Fire yao and firearms began to be used on a large scale in the Song Dynasty, promoting the rapid development of the weapons production industry in the Song Dynasty. Various

Firearms emerged, which promoted the continuous changes in the battles of siege and defense of the city at that time. The compass began to equip ocean ships in the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty had the largest sailing fleet and merchant fleet in human history, and frequently sailed to Japan and North Korea in Arabia, East Africa, India, Southeast Asia and East Asia. The unity of the north and south and the southward movement of the economic center promoted the exchange of material and culture in the north and south, and pushed the quantity, quality and application of various technologies to the world.

The development of commodity economy in the Song Dynasty also played a positive role in promoting the development of cities. Compared with the Tang Dynasty, the number of cities with more than 100,000 households in the Song Dynasty increased from more than ten in the Tang Dynasty to 40. Bianjing and Lin'an became the fourth and fifth city in the world with a population of over one million after Chang'an, Luoyang and Nanjing. Compared with the capitals of the Han and Tang Dynasties, the capitals of the Song Dynasty were small in size, but the degree of commercialization and prosperity of the city was far beyond that of the Tang Dynasty. In addition, the urban planning, water and land transportation, cultural, entertainment and sports activities, medical and health care and social security systems at that time were also

Relatively perfect. The scientific and technological achievements of the Song Dynasty permeate people's daily lives. The living standards of the Song Dynasty were quite high. Sima Guang once wrote a letter to point out that due to the development of the commodity economy, the original concept of hierarchy was severely damaged. "The world is getting worse, and the peddlers followed the stockings." The lifestyles of citizens also changed tremendously, such as, "Millions of households in Bian Capital, all rely on charcoal, but no one burned the firewood." The merchants of the Song Dynasty used paper money that appeared for the first time in the world, similar to modern banks, and the credit industry was also quite developed.

Hundreds of scientific and technological achievements in the Song Dynasty

1. Compass: The manufacturing technology of the compass was first proposed in "Dream Creek Bitan". With the compass, ocean-going navigation became possible.

2. Movable type printing technology: Bi Sheng invented Movable type printing technology. He was the first inventor in the world, about 400 years earlier than the German J. Gutenberg Movable type printing. It is a necessary prerequisite for the development of civilization.

3. Cannon: Entering the history of human war into the age of hot weapons, the cannon was cast iron and the spherical explosion shells cast by cast iron. In 1126, the Jin people besieged Bianjing. When Li Gang was defending the city, he used thunderbolt cannons to repel Jin soldiers. "The thunderbolt cannons were fired at night to attack the thieves, and the army exclaimed."

4. Drilling deep well technology: Zhuotong Well is a salt well that is erect and thick bamboo tubes that absorb haze. "Drilling the ground to plant bamboo, and Zhuotong Well was invented during the Qingli period of the Northern Song Dynasty (1041-1048 AD), more than 800 years earlier than the West. Its diameter is only the size of a bamboo tube, but it can drill wells reach several dozen feet deep. It is called "the fifth largest invention in ancient China" and "the world's oil drilling father". The scientific and technological community has a very vivid metaphor for Zhuotong Well: "With Zhuotong Well, there would be no Gulf War without Zhuotong Well."

5. Paper currency: Jiaozi is the earliest banknote used in the world and was issued in Chengdu in 1023 of the Northern Song Dynasty. The banknotes used in Europe were issued by the Swedish Bank in 1661, but the issuance of paper currency at that time was just a stopgap measure and was not a real currency.

6. Watertight bulkhead: Warships in the Song Dynasty generally adopted watertight bulkhead technology, which improved their non-sinking properties. They could protect ships from flooding and sinking, and are still an important structural form in ship design. The discovery of Nanhai-1 proved that China was the first country to invent this technology.

7. Canal locks in the form of re-gate: In 984, Qiao Weiyue, the Huainan Transportation Author, was responsible for managing the Huaihe River. The Erdoor Gate created was a canal lock in the form of re-gate, thus improving the river transport capacity and later affecting the world.

8. Abacus: Zhang Zeduan drew an abacus in "Along the River During the Qingming Festival". It can be seen that as early as the Northern Song Dynasty, abacus was widely used as a calculation tool. The formal emergence and promotion of abacus was in the Song and Yuan dynasties.

9. Musket: Originally originated, improved in China, inherited from the Arab world, and developed beyond Europe. The earliest known musket in the world was the bamboo barrel of the Song Dynasty, which was recorded in the "Fire Dragon Sutra" written by Jiao Yu of the Ming Dynasty. Iron barrels and the earliest pistols (hand guns, hand cannons) appeared in the Yuan Dynasty in the 13th century.)

10. Tai Chi Diagram: The ancient "Tai Chi Diagram" was painted on pottery during the Xia and Shang dynasties more than 3,000 years ago or earlier. There are S-shaped curves in the circle, and the black and white yin and yang dots were added later. Today's "Tai Chi Diagram" is generally believed to be made by Zhou Dunyi of the Northern Song Dynasty.

11. Trademark: According to the records of a Liu's steel needle shop in Jinan, the Northern Song Dynasty. The steel needles produced by the store are of high quality and low price, and are well-known in the local area. In order to make the business continue to flourish, the owner made a unique "White Rabbit" copper plate. There are paintings and characters on the copper plate. The copper plate is square and the white rabbit pounding medicine is painted in the middle. The book on both sides of the painting includes the store name "Jinan Liujia Needle Shop" and the slogan "Recognize the White Rabbit in front of the door as a record", which is the earliest special trademark in Chinese history. The people of the Song Dynasty had famous brand trademarks in various industries, such as the famous "Pan Gumo" in the ink making industry.

12. Advertising: Copper plate printing advertisements also appeared in the commercial operation of the Song Dynasty, more than 300 years earlier than Western advertisements.

13. Football: Cu is "kick", Ju is "ball". Cuju is "kick". Cuju is "kick" and is considered to be the prototype of football today. The International Football Association (FIFA) publicly confirmed in early 2004 that football originated in China.

14. Fireworks: mainly used in military, grand ceremonies or performances, while modern world-wide activities that can set fireworks in the same day and day activities are roughly New Year's Eve (New Year's Eve).

15. Chess: The Song Dynasty began to be established. In addition to adding "cannons" due to the invention of fire yao, "scholars" and "elephants". The Song Dynasty's "Shi Lin Guangji" records the earliest chess scores that China can see at present, more than 200 years earlier than the Western chess scores.

Weapons, fire yao weapons inventions and transformations:

16. Nunchakus (founded by Zhao Kuangyin, the Song Dynasty Taizu, was originally called Dapan Dragon Stick (also known as the Big Sweeper in the north in modern times) and Xiaopan Dragon Stick (Sweeper). However, at that time, Dapan Dragon Stick was shorter at one end and longer at the other end, and was specifically used to sweep the enemy's horses and feet, armor-breaking weapons or hard weapons, causing them to lose their combat effectiveness. Later, this weapon was transmitted from the south to the Philippines and from the east to Japan. Due to historical changes, Nunchakus was changed to its current appearance)

17. Lifebuoy (Han Zhongwu of the Song Dynasty sent his general Wang Quan to Jinshan and ordered him not to cross the river with a boat. So Wang Quan sent a "floating ring" to every soldier, allowing them to cross the river, and finally completed this task. The "floating ring" used by Wang Quan at that time was the predecessor of the modern lifebuoy.)

18. Landmines (Landmines were used in the war between the Song people and the Mongols in 1277. The Song army used the "fire cannon" (i.e., iron-shell mines) buried on the ground, and later developed further in the Yuan Dynasty.)

19. Grenade (First invented in China, in 1000 AD, a firearm called "fireball" or "cannon" appeared in the Song Dynasty. The principle is the same as that of modern grenades. The military book "Wujing Zongyao" published in 1044 already contains thunder fireballs, quinoa fireballs, poisonous powder fireballs, smoke balls, fireballs, fireballs and other hand-dumping ammunition. This can be regarded as the prototype of the earliest grenade. In the 13th century, an iron shell explosion weapon "Sky Thunder" appeared in the Chinese team, which is almost the same as modern grenades.)

20. Poison gas bomb (poisonous smoke, because the main effect of this smoke is to burn the enemy with poisonous gas, in addition to sulfur, flame, and charcoal powder that can achieve the explosion and burning effect, a variety of toxic substances such as babean, wolf poison, arsenic, etc. have been infiltrated to see their effects.)

21. Flamethrower (Song people applied double pistons to oil pumps to continuously spray flames. Wu Jing Zong must record the structural diagram of the flamethrower)

22. Bomb (In 1000 AD, a man named Tang Fu invented the terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial

23. Rockets: In the third year of Kaibao (970), the Ministry of War ordered Shi Feng Jisheng to present the rocket magic. Five years later, the Rockets were used in the war with the Southern Tang Dynasty.

24. Three-bow bed crossbow: also known as "eight crossbows", which requires more than a hundred people to open the strings. The arrow "wood-dried iron feather" is known as "one gun and three sword arrows". It is roughly like a javelin, and three iron feathers are like three swords. The crossbow can also fire "stepping arrows" and be nailed to the city wall in rows. Siege soldiers climb up. Wei Pi once improved the bed crossbow, and the range was greatly improved. "History of the Song Dynasty? Biography of Wei Pi" records: "The old bed crossbow shot at 700 steps, which allowed Pi to build to a thousand steps." In the Song Dynasty, one step was 1.536 meters, and a thousand steps were 1,536 meters, which was one of the highest range records achieved by ancient long-range weapons.)

Handicraft production technology:

25. Color printing technology for plate printing: Color printing technology for plate printing is the earliest color printing technology in the world. It is a complex and high-precision printing technology developed based on the woodblock printing technology. According to historical records, the three colors of blue, blue and red for copper plate printing appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty.

26. Time-reporting robot: The most amazing thing about copper pot leaking is that there is a time-reporting robot (阿大子), which automatically hits 阿8 times every quarter of an hour to report the time. Although copper leaking has been invented and applied in China for thousands of years, its shapes and sizes are different, but the timing methods and principles are the same.

27. Crystal Lens: Su Xun's fellow townsman and friend Shi Hang used a crystal magnifying glass when he was a law enforcement officer to handle case files.)

28. Silver salt turning black development technology: The discovery of fixing principle was first seen in Su Shi's "Reflections on the Salted Objects": "On the salted window paper, the word "baking" is displayed."

29. Rotating (a simple lathe equipped in "rotating" specializes in metal cutting and processing. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the use of machine tools was already relatively common, and it was a major improvement with milestones in the history of mechanical processing.)

30. Chain transmission device (The Chinese invented the chain transmission device - a chain transmission belt in 976; Europeans did not start using chain transmission belts until 1770, about 800 years later than China.)

31. Coking (In the Southern Song Dynasty, China invented coking and smelting metals with coke, so the purity of the smelting metals was greatly improved. Europeans did not know how to refine coking and use coke in metallurgy until the beginning of the 18th century, more than 400 years later than China.)

32. Method of decocting copper by gallstone soil (This method is only seen in Xinzhou Qianshan Field. According to Volume 33 of "Song Huiyao Edited Manuscripts? Food and Goods": "The ancient pit in Qianshan Field... There is gallstone soil in the place without water. The gallstone soil is decocted with copper, which has a lot of work and less profit, and the soil is infinite." This refers to first taking gallstone soil, then diving water to soaking soil to obtain gallstone water. Because the concentration of gallstone water poured out is very low, it must be cooked, fried and concentrated before it can be used to soak copper.)

33. Cam (The Chinese invented the cam in 983 AD and applied it to heavy chains that use hydraulic power to increase. At the same time, cam was used in a pulp washing workshop in Tuscan, Italy, West.)

34. The shaft frame warp method (efficient than the Tang Dynasty rake warp method, and it leads to the transition from plain to twill to warp and from warp to weft to flower.)

35. Trolley piston bellows: According to Dr. Joseph Needham, a book written in 1280, entitled "The Book of the Three Worlds of Birds" has the earliest picture of a tie rod piston bellows. This bellows are lightweight, labor-saving, and highly effective, and are quickly popularized and developed. Piston bellows work hard on both front and reverse strokes. In each stroke, one end of the air blowing is exhausted and the other end absorbs equal amount of air at the same time, so it can provide continuous air and improve blowing efficiency. This is a major improvement in blowing technology.

36. Large spinning wheel: The structure consists of three parts: twisting, winding, transmission and prime mover. The prime mover mechanism is a large circular wheel similar to the hand-cranked spinning wheel rope. The wheel axle is equipped with a crank, and a special person needs to shake it with both hands.

37. Water-to-large spinning wheel: In the late Southern Song Dynasty, water-to-large spinning wheels were launched. They were popular in the Central Plains in the Yuan Dynasty and were mainly used to process yarn and silk. They were the advanced textile machinery in the world at that time. They could spin more than 100 kilograms of yarn in a day and night, which was about 400 years earlier than Western hydraulic textile machinery.

38. Reel: Chinese people in the 11th century have begun to use belt-driven textile machines. Qin Guan's book "Silk Book" records in detail the structure of the reel, several key components and usage, and generates power through the pedals, and the silk is wrapped around the spool. This book is the earliest record of reels.

39. Blast furnace iron smelting: It is the predecessor of the current steel furnace. It is repeatedly forged by cold air to achieve the purpose of decarbonization.)

Mathematical Achievements:

40. Chapter 9 of Mathematics: Qin Jiushao wrote "Nine Chapters of Mathematics", proposed "Dayan to find one technique" and created the "joint congruence formula" solution, which was 500 years earlier than the related research of European mathematicians Yula and Gauss

41. Gap Amount: Gap Amount is a method to solve the problem of stacking accumulation, and it solves the problem of summing the higher order arithmetic series.

42. Original diagram of the method of opening the square: It is a table of numbers of triangles, which is actually a table of coefficients of the binomial theorem with a positive integer exponent. It is about four hundred years earlier than the similar achievements of Al Kathy in the West. It is called the Jia Xian Triangle in the history of mathematics (because it appears in Yang Hui's book, also known as the Yang Hui Triangle). Based on the origin diagram of the method of opening the square, Jia Xian created the method of adding multiplication and opening, providing a method to solve any way to bridge the positive and real root approximation of the higher order equation.)

43. Method of increasing and multiplication: Jia Xian's proposal of "increasing and multiplication method" was 800 years earlier than Rooney in Italy and Horner in the UK.

44. Nine-return method: various algorithms for multiplication and division of abacus.

45. Tianyuan Art: Li Ye wrote "The Circle Sea Mirror" and "Yigu Yiduan", which was the first to systematically discuss "Tianyuan Art" that is the one-center high-order equation), and is also hundreds of years ahead of Europe.

46. ​​Duan Ji Technology: Yang Hui proposed the "Duan Ji Technology" based on Shen Kuo's "Duan Ji Technology", which promoted the research on advanced arithmetic series.

47. The composition rules of high-order vertical and horizontal diagrams in combined mathematics (Yang Hui)

48. Practice algorithm formula: It helps the application and promotion of Jie algorithms.

Astronomical Calendar:

49. Lotus Leak: The Lotus Leak, invented by Yan Su in 1030, used the drifting system for the first time, which improved the timing accuracy of the leak pot like never before.

50. Water Transport Meter Station: Su Song successfully developed the water Transport Meter Station in 1092, realizing the concept of coordinated operation of the armillary sphere, the ambulance and time reporting trinity, which can not only observe and demonstrate astronomical phenomena, but also time and time reporting. It has the scientific structural principles of the open dome of the observatory, telescope meter clock and mechanical clock in the modern era. It can be called the world's earliest "astronomical clock".

51. New rituals and image method: Su Song made outstanding contributions in the drawing of star maps. His astronomy masterpiece "New rituals and image method" is accompanied by five star maps, and for the first time, it uses a more scientific all-day starry sky representation.

52, Lingtai Secret Garden: From 1049 to 1054, astronomer Zhou Cong presided over the work of re-testing the twenty-eight constellations and the Zhoutian stars. The results of this experiment compiled the degree and extreme entrance and departure of 345 star officials. This star table was included in the "Lingtai Secret Garden", and the number of stars collected exceeded that of previous generations.

53. Star map: The star measurement accuracy from 1078 to 1085 is higher, and its star map is preserved in the form of carved stones. This is the existing stone carving "Astronomy Picture" of the Suzhou Museum. The upper half is a star map and the lower half is an inscription. It is a precious cultural relic that studies the stars all over the Song Dynasty.

54. Tongtian Calendar: During the reign of Emperor Ningzong, the length of the return year measured by the Tongtian Calendar, which was compiled by Yang Zhongfu, was 365.2425 days, which is exactly the same as the current Gregorian calendar, but it was nearly 400 years earlier than Western Gregorian.)

55. Twelve Qi Calendar: Shen Kuo re-edited the calendar and proposed a relatively scientific new calendar, that is, to replace the lunar calendar with the "Twelve Qi Calendar", which is more than 900 years earlier than the calendar similar to the "Twelve Qi Calendar" formulated by British astronomer Shaunabo.

56. McCato projection: It is an equiangular cylindrical map projection method. In 940, the Chinese invented the McCato projection. It was not until 1568 that people in the UK used McCato projection, which was about 600 years later than China.

57. Jia Xian triangle: also known as Yang Hui triangle and Pascal triangle, it is a geometric arrangement of binomial coefficients in triangles.

58. Twenty-four solar terms and dynasties: This new calendar of the twenty-four solar terms that is evenly adjusted in the four orders during the farming period is extremely beneficial for farming.

59. Geomagnetic declination (Shen Kuo discovered the existence of geomagnetic declination by accurately measuring the meridian circle, four hundred years earlier than Europe.)

60. Bio-solidation technology (using the unique ecological characteristics of marine organisms, many bridges across rivers and seas have been built. The sea-span stone beam bridge built at the entrance of the Luoyang River in Quanzhou City, Fujian Province is 5 meters wide and 1,000 meters long. This magnificent bridge has a history of 950 years and people are still walking on it.)

shipbuilding:

61. Vehicle and ship: the largest one is 36 meters long (about 110 meters), equipped with 24 rotors and 6 "slapped rods", carrying more than 1,000 soldiers.

62. Armored ship: In 1203, the "iron-wall plow-pitch flat sea falcon" warship built by Qin Shifu, which had a load of 1,000 hu (about 60 tons), was equipped with iron plates on the bulkhead, which was the first for armor. The bow was equipped with sharp iron tips that looked like plows and sink the enemy ships in water battles, and was more destructive than angular impact.

63. Low center of gravity fluid shock absorption device: The ship has a small hole with a cover at the bottom of each cabin, which is called the "water eye". During navigation, rainwater or waves splashing on the boat can flow into a connected mezzanine cabin at the bottom of the boat through the "water eye". The water in the cabin lowers the center of gravity of the hull, making the ship more stable. Due to the inertia and internal friction of the water in the cabin, the hull will partially offset the hull undulation and shaking caused by wind and waves.

*, Hongqiao: It is a columnless wooden beam arch bridge (i.e., a beam arch) that has reached the highest level of the ancient wooden bridge structure in my country.

65. Dock: refers to a place where artificial construction is built on the shore, as a place for shipbuilding and repairing ships, and can also be used as a mooring for ships. Docks can be divided into different categories such as dry docks, irrigation docks and floating docks. Docks were invented by Zhang Ping, a native of the Song Dynasty in China.

66. Vine boat: deep and wide coastal states, it is rare to get iron nails and tung oil. The shipbuilding is made of empty boards and bound by vines. In the cracks of vines, the mad grass grown on the sea is dry and suffocated. When it encounters water, it will rise and the boat will not leak. The boat is very large, and all vendors across the sea use it.

67. Chinese sailing boats: Floating south of the South China Sea, the boat is like a huge house, the sails are like clouds hanging in the sky, the length of several feet, a boat of hundreds of people, a year of grain, a pig is raising wine, and a life and death are placed outside the country... The country of great food has crossed the West Sea, and when it reaches Mulan Pi, the boat will be larger. A boat can accommodate thousands of people, and there are looms and markets on the boat, or it may not encounter wind, and it will reach several years. It is not a huge boat, it cannot be reached." The largest Chinese boat has 12 masts, and 3 small boats.

68. Module-digital system (Wooden structure buildings adopt the standard modulus system and the work and material quota system, which enables the construction of buildings to standardize certain procedures.)

Agricultural production technology, agricultural and sideline products processing and others:

69, Kimchi: In 1178, "Lingwai Dai Answer" recorded the technology of using pottery jars to seal and store, which was the first time that the food stored in the kimchi jars were recorded.

70. Wind mill: a mill that rotates using wind power.

71. Dark shed sand filtering technology: increased 10,000 fertile fields.
To be continued...