The manufacturing methods are similar in China and Japan. There are mainly two methods: three-stage joint type and double-layer composite type. The three-stage joint type is the one mentioned in "Tiangong Kaiwu". In this method, the blunderbuss tube is made first, and the blunderbuss tube is used.

Wrought iron is beaten section by section, usually two or three sections, and finally welded into one. The double-layer composite type was first seen in Qi Jiguang's "New Book of Jixiao" (Hands and Feet Chapter): "The value of the blunderbuss is that the iron is always smelted, and the two

"Phase wrapping." This process is the opposite of the previous one. It is to directly make a thin layer of blunderbuss body on a longer steel core, and then wrap another layer around the blunderbuss body to make the thickness meet the requirements. Press

These two methods of manufacturing the gun body have different process flows. The first three-stage joint type will be described first.

The first step is to make the pipe. Prepare a cylindrical steel core about thirty centimeters long and seven millimeters in diameter to make the cold bone. First, burn the wrought iron for the gun tube until it is red hot, and then the craftsman will burn it to a certain temperature.

Take out the blank, use a hammer to knock the hot wrought iron outside the steel core, and roll it into an iron pipe. During the iron wrapping process, the steel core is constantly pulled out and cooled with water to prevent the steel core and the wrought iron from being welded together. Roll

The thickness of the finished iron pipe should also be about one centimeter. Only in this way can the gun tube be strong and withstand dozens of consecutive firings.

The second step is welding. Since long blunderbuss more than three feet long are welded section by section, a blunderbuss that is not well welded is easy to explode. Craftsmen regard whether the welded blunderbuss tube is seamless as the key to the success or failure of blunderbuss making. Ming Dynasty

In the middle period, when the Japanese invaders invaded, the craftsmen of the Ming army used tricks and caused many accidents. The "New Book of Jixiao" records: "Recently, there are very few people who understand the pain, and they do not blame the craftsmen and really ask the craftsmen to roll them into iron."

The thickness of the barrel is uneven...even when it is rolled into a single barrel, it explodes when lifted." (The rolling method of a single barrel is connected to the second manufacturing process of blunderbuss tubes), so judging from these records,

The military has very strict quality requirements for muskets.

Use the above method to make an iron pipe and put it in the furnace to burn it until it is incandescent. Also prepare a steel core with the same thickness as above and longer than the length of the blunderbuss. Then put the iron pipe that has been burned until it is red and bright on the steel core.

The main craftsman vigorously hammered the joints of the iron pipes into one piece. While welding the iron pipes, the auxiliary hammer hand also sprinkled cupronickel powder on the welding joints of the iron pipes. Copper has an affinity effect and can make the welding joints stronger.

There will be no faults or weak welds left. The steel core must be taken out for cooling at any time. The steel core is cooled and the iron pipe is returned to the furnace for heating. The final iron pipe is the prototype of the blunderbuss pipe.

The double-layer composite gun body is different from the above method. It directly wraps a one-meter-long steel core with red iron. After the first layer of iron is wrapped, another layer is wrapped on this layer of gun body to make the

The joint of the inner blunderbuss is wrapped tightly by the outer blunderbuss body to form a composite body. Technically, the double-layer composite blunderbuss is more scientific than the three-section joint blunderbuss, and the joint between the blunderbuss bodies is stronger, although this kind of blunderbuss tube cannot make a very long bird blunderbuss.

Gun tubes, but the caliber can be made larger than the first type of bird gun, so it is more powerful within a limited distance. (In Japan, this kind of large-caliber bird gun with a short body is called an iron cannon.) It was only in the Ming and Qing Dynasties that ballistics were

Due to lack of knowledge, they believed that the longer the blunderbuss was, the more powerful it would be. In order to increase the length of the blunderbuss in the later period, the blunderbuss body was rolled into a single tube.

"Far and powerful." - Qi Jiguang. This influenced the Qing army's carrying guns at the end of the Qing Dynasty to be as long as two meters, while the average thickness of the blunderbuss body was less than one centimeter. Due to the poor sealing of the rough blunderbuss body, the thrust after burning of gunpowder

It was completely rubbed away by the lead when it passed through the barrel, and its range and power were not comparable to those of the Ming Dynasty bird muskets.

The third step is trimming. Early bird gun barrels were often made into an eight-sided shape. The barrel was thick at one end and thin at the other. The thick one was used as the belly, and the thin one was used as the mouth. The sight, sight, and fire platform were all welded after the body was welded.

, welded in the same way. The sight and rear sight are just two protrusions before being processed and have no function. The fire table has pre-drilled fire holes on the gun body and the fire table before welding.

Align the position of the fire hole and weld it without blocking it. At this time, the blunderbuss is still rough, and the craftsman has to drill out the blunderbuss and drill out the center. Due to the limitations of the technology at that time, the cross section of the steel core is not a pure circle, and the core body

It is not straight, and the inside of the boring is rough and uneven, so you need to use a drill to drill it out. This type of drilling machine already existed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It used wood as the frame and a round stone plate as the inertia wheel, which was tied with leather. After the strips were drilled, they were manually

Pull, causing the stone plate to drive the drill bit to rotate. In the Ming Dynasty, good drill bits, cutters and other tools made of hard steel were all made of drill steel. The steel was not very hard, so half of the time in making muskets was spent drilling.

The time of scraping the bore of the blunderbuss can be as long as one month. "New Book of Jixiao" records: "The original hole of the blunderbuss (bird blunderbuss) is very small, so use a steel drill to drill it. Drill an inch a day until it reaches the bottom, and it takes a month."

Drilling is the best." It can be seen from this that the output of the gun-making factory at that time was not very high, because this process required a large number of skilled workers and a large amount of equipment that the Ministry of Industry could not guarantee, and the emperor was not interested in advanced technology.

We also don’t care so much about weapons, otherwise firearms could fully demonstrate their power in several major battles in the late Ming Dynasty, and maybe they could even rewrite history.

After the boring is completed, use a four-sided steel bar to scrape the inside of the boring hole clean, so that the blunderbuss tube is made. The next thing to do is the back door of the blunderbuss, which is the plug at the end of the blunderbuss. In ancient times, it was called

Screw turning, screw turning and back door are actually the modern methods of screws and nuts. "Jixiao New Book": "Screw turning, turn left to go in, turn right to go out. The barrel of the gun is long, like a lead inside, it can suppress fire.

Doors and other items, remove the rear door screw to facilitate trimming." This is one of the most advanced parts of the gun, second only to the sight and trigger components. (I have seen many bird guns and lifting guns in the Qing Dynasty, and they often have accurate accuracy.

There are no screws to turn the screws, but there is no accuracy when turning the screws. I don’t know why? Only automatic muskets have all three. The rare thing is that the barrel of the automatic musket is tied with a thin rope. It is the same as the Turkish musket, which is very easy to disassemble.

Cleaning and repairing are very different from ordinary gun guns.)

The aim of the bird gun has always been a big problem that bothers me. Compared with modern rifles, its sights should not have an effective distance range. That is to say, the sight point of the bird gun and the measured aiming point of the rear sight are different from the measured aiming point of the gun.

The center point of the tube is parallel. Maybe it was normal for the ancients to raise the gun body according to the distance when shooting. It is like using the parabola principle in archery. But I have no instrument to verify my tube point, and I have my hands on it.

The records in the data do not explain in detail how the aim of the matchlock gun is measured (or I don't have the corresponding information.) So the sights of the Ming Dynasty bird gun were simply measured with a measuring tool and then rolled out with a tool? I believe it.

No, the real answer can only be revealed by the authority.

The fourth step is mechanism and assembly. The trigger and faucet (fixed match rope igniter) of the gun are often made by coppersmiths as a complete set of mechanisms. The trigger, faucet, cover, and fire door cover are all made of copper. Only the spring is made in my country. Steel is mostly used, while Japan and Western Europe use copper. Since our country's laws prohibit citizens from privately making firearms, the specific structure is omitted.

The assembly of the bird gun is the last step in making the entire gun. The key is the connection between the gun tube and the gun bed. The production of the gun bed is the simplest. As long as the wood is properly selected, it must be tough, absorb less water, and not deform after drying.

If it doesn't crack, it's generally no problem. There are only two ways to connect it, one is riveting. The other is to tie the gun barrel to the gun bed with a copper hoop or rope. Riveted barrels are common on Japanese and European matchlock guns.

When forging the blunderbuss tube, two or three half-coin-like protrusions should be made on the lower end of the blunderbuss tube. The protrusions should be along the direction of the blunderbuss tube, and then holes should be drilled transversely on the protrusions. The same should be done on the blunderbuss bed in the same direction.

Punch a few small holes in the position. When assembling, just align the gun tube and place it on the gun bed, and insert rivets horizontally, so that the bird gun is installed. It is best to tie the gun tube on the gun bed with a copper hoop or rope.

The simple fixing method has been used for hundreds of years from the first matchlock gun to the Second World War. It can be said that it has a long history. The Qing Dynasty learned the Turkish method, fixed the blunderbuss tube with a thin rope, and divided it into several parts on a blunderbuss.

Each section is tied with a strong thin cotton rope. When cleaning the gun tube, you only need to untie the rope to remove the gun tube. However, the rope is easily burned by the hot gun tube after shooting. In the early Ming Dynasty, riveting was used. Due to the inconvenience of manufacturing, it was adopted in the later period.

Two sections of copper hoops are fixed. Although cleaning is inconvenient, the product cycle is shortened a lot, which can be regarded as a gain and a loss.

The third step is trimming. Early bird gun barrels were often made into an eight-sided shape. The barrel was thick at one end and thin at the other. The thicker one was used as the belly, and the thinner one was used as the mouth. The sight, sight and fire platform were all welded on the bludgeon body.

They are welded in the same way. The sight and rear sight are just two protrusions before being processed and have no function. Before the fire table is welded, the gun body and the fire table have pre-drilled fire holes.

The position of the accurate fire hole is welded and cannot be blocked. At this time, the blunderbuss is still rough, and the craftsman has to drill out the blunderbuss and drill out the center of the blunderbuss. Due to the limitations of the technology at that time, the cross-section of the steel core is not a pure circle, and the core is not

It is straight, and the inside of the boring is rough and uneven, so you need to use a drill to drill the blunderbuss until it is smooth. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were already such drilling machines, which used wood as the frame, a round stone plate as the inertial wheel, and tied the leather. The strips were then pulled manually.

, causing the stone plate to drive the drill bit to rotate. In the Ming Dynasty, tools made of hard steel such as good drill bits and file knives were made of drill steel. The steel was not very hard, so half of the time in making blunderbuss was spent drilling the blunderbuss.

The time of scraping the bore of the gun can be as long as a month. "New Book of Jixiao" records: "The original hole (of the bird gun) is very small, so use a steel drill to drill an inch a day until it reaches the bottom, and it takes a month to drill."

"Light is the best." It can be seen that the output of the gun-making factory at that time was not very high, because this process required a large number of skilled workers and a large amount of equipment that the Ministry of Industry could not guarantee, and the emperor was not interested in advanced technology.

We also don’t care so much about weapons, otherwise firearms would have fully demonstrated their power in several major battles in the late Ming Dynasty, and maybe they could have rewritten history.

After the boring is completed, use a four-sided steel bar to scrape the inside of the boring hole clean, so that the blunderbuss tube is made. The next thing to do is the back door of the blunderbuss, which is the plug at the end of the blunderbuss. In ancient times, it was called

Screw turning, screw turning and back door are actually the modern methods of screws and nuts. "Jixiao New Book": "Screw turning, turn left to go in, turn right to go out. The barrel of the gun is long, like a lead inside, it can suppress fire.

Doors and other items, remove the rear door screw to facilitate trimming." This is one of the most advanced parts of the gun, second only to the sight and trigger components. (I have seen many bird guns and lifting guns in the Qing Dynasty, and they often have accurate accuracy.

There are no screws to turn the screws, but there is no accuracy when turning the screws. I don’t know why? Only automatic muskets have all three. The rare thing is that the barrel of the automatic musket is tied with a thin rope. It is the same as the Turkish musket, which is very easy to disassemble.

Cleaning and repairing are very different from ordinary gun guns.)

The aim of the bird gun has always been a big problem that bothers me. Compared with modern rifles, its sights should not have an effective distance range. That is to say, the sight point of the bird gun and the measured aiming point of the rear sight are different from the measured aiming point of the gun.

The center point of the tube is parallel. Maybe it was normal for the ancients to raise the gun body according to the distance when shooting. It is like using the parabola principle in archery. But I have no instrument to verify my tube point, and I have my hands on it.

The records in the data do not explain in detail how the aim of the matchlock gun is measured (or I don't have the corresponding information.) So the sights of the Ming Dynasty bird gun were simply measured with a measuring tool and then rolled out with a tool? I believe it.

No, the real answer can only be revealed by the authority.

The fourth step is mechanism and assembly. The trigger and faucet (fixed match rope igniter) of the gun are often made by coppersmiths as a complete set of mechanisms. The trigger, faucet, cover, and fire door cover are all made of copper. Only the spring is made in my country. Steel is mostly used, while Japan and Western Europe use copper. Since our country's laws prohibit citizens from privately making firearms, the specific structure is omitted.

The assembly of the bird gun is the last step in making the entire gun. The key is the connection between the gun tube and the gun bed. The production of the gun bed is the simplest. As long as the wood is properly selected, it must be tough, absorb less water, and not deform after drying.

If it doesn't crack, it's generally no problem. There are only two ways to connect it, one is riveting. The other is to tie the gun barrel to the gun bed with a copper hoop or rope. Riveted barrels are common on Japanese and European matchlock guns.

When forging the blunderbuss tube, two or three half-coin-like protrusions should be made on the lower end of the blunderbuss tube. The protrusions should be along the direction of the blunderbuss tube, and then holes should be drilled transversely on the protrusions. The same should be done on the blunderbuss bed in the same direction.

Punch a few small holes in the position. When assembling, just align the gun tube and place it on the gun bed, and insert rivets horizontally, so that the bird gun is installed. It is best to tie the gun tube on the gun bed with a copper hoop or rope.

The simple fixing method has been used for hundreds of years from the first matchlock gun to the Second World War. It can be said that it has a long history. The Qing Dynasty learned the Turkish method, fixed the blunderbuss tube with a thin rope, and divided it into several parts on a blunderbuss.

Each section is tied with a strong thin cotton rope. When cleaning the gun tube, you only need to untie the rope to remove the gun tube. However, the rope is easily burned by the hot gun tube after shooting. In the early Ming Dynasty, riveting was used. Due to the inconvenience of manufacturing, it was adopted in the later period.

Two sections of copper hoops are fixed. Although cleaning is inconvenient, the product cycle is shortened a lot, which can be regarded as a gain and a loss.

Since most of them were made and paid for by the provinces, officials in the middle and late Ming Dynasty used iron sheets to wrap their gun barrels to enrich themselves, and there were also cases where stones were used instead of iron bullets. Qi Jiguang said that the quality was too poor.
Chapter completed!