Most of the travelers used their horoscopes to tell their fortunes, and carried rulers and books from China and North Korea, and traveled around the counties and counties to make a living. It became a common practice to follow one another's lead, and to the point where they would no longer care about raising children's careers, but would only write books seeking one or two important routes. This was called Kuobian.

The poem is accompanied by a poem, which can lead to thousands or even ten thousand coins. For example, in the Hushan Song Dynasty, Qian's father was humble and paid a visit to Jia Shidao, and received two hundred thousand coins to build a Huaju. This is what Cao Shibo did in Qiantang and Hushan.

As a group, Ruan Meifeng is beautiful and solid, Lin Ke is mountain torrent, Sun Hua Weng is Ji Fan, and there are ninety thousand high chrysanthemum streams. They are often female and yellow scholar-bureaucrats, with a fearful tone, and as for looking at the door and falling into ruin.

Jiang Kui is one of the most famous Jianghu poets. Mr. Xia Chengtao once conducted an in-depth study of him and clearly pointed out that he had never been an official in his life. In addition to selling words, he mostly relied on the charity of others③. At the same time, he also

One by one, we have verified the employers he relied on everywhere: in Hunan, the great poet Xiao Dezao in Huzhou; when traveling to and from Suzhou, it was the great bureaucrat and great poet Fan Chengda; and the one who lived in Hangzhou and relied on him for the longest time was Zhang Jian. The Xiao Dezao mentioned above

, Fan Chengda, Zhang Jian, etc. are all famous figures in the Southern Song Dynasty. Zhang Jian is a descendant of the general Zhang Jun and has a prominent background. Jiang Kui relied on his outstanding talents to interact with these figures. The poet Chen Zao of the Southern Song Dynasty was Jiang Kui.

He is a friend who knows Jiang Kui’s way of life very well. He introduced people to Jiang Kui’s characteristics of making a living by writing: “Jiang Lang did not seek land before he became an official, but relied on 90,000 papers for his livelihood. If he is willing to share the bundle of pearls with me, I should have someone in Beiguan.

"Hefei boat." ④ In another poem, he said: "The poem was passed down to the prince's family, and the calligraphy went to the provincial temple. Jiang Lang's writing was brilliant, and the group flew to see Kong Cui. When talking about friendship and humiliation, Lu Maguo is the same and different. Read it.

You gather hundreds of fingers and admire the table feed. I have also been sick many times, and I have to bear the brunt of drinking. I finally defeated Liuliuzhou and spit out water to write "Jie Xie"." ⑤ The first line of this poem "The poem is passed down to the family of Hou Wang",

It means that Baishi was a guest of Zhang Jianqing. The second sentence, "The calligrapher came to the provincial temple", refers to Baishi's "Da Le Yi", which was written by Shangshu, and issued an imperial edict to Chang. The seventh and eighth sentences are "Reading for the king, gathering a hundred fingers, and having a full meal"

"Looking up to the platform to feed" means that Baishi's family of ten relies entirely on his ability to survive⑥.

Under the care of these dignitaries, Jiang Kui not only had food and clothing, but also had other gains from time to time. In the second year of Shaoxi (1191), Jiang Baishi returned from Hefei to visit Fan Chengda, enjoyed the snow and plum blossoms at his home, and created

The popular masterpieces "Secret Fragrance" and "Sparse Shadows" were two self-titled songs. Chengdu was very happy at the time and gave him a smart prostitute, Xiaohong, as a gift. The other one was of great help to Baishi and has always been loved by people.

Zhang Jian is said to be the most talked about. He and Bai Shi spent ten years together and formed a close friendship. He even offered to donate money to buy an official position and cede fertile farmland to Bai Shi. This matter was also recorded in Jiang Kui's "autobiography": (

Zhang Jian) ​​"Missed his poor farm house, so much that he wanted to invest money in order to become a nobleman"; "I also wanted to cut off the richness of Xishan to nourish his useless body in the mountains and forests." 7. However, these beautiful thoughts of Zhang Jian were ignored by the aloof and self-loving

Jiang Kui politely declined. Dai Biaoyuan, a scholar in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty, once said with emotion: "The great-great-grandfather of Shu Xia's ancestors all loved the food. Jiang Kui, Yao Zhang, and Sun Ji, the most talented poets in the world, often came in and out of Guangu.

The door is decorated with a thousand pieces of gold, and you are hired by a royal servant. You can talk and laugh about it, and don't think it's weird."

Liu Guo. He famously praised Jiangxi with his poems, suffered hardships in Weibu, wandered around Jingchu, and dined among the princes. Among the Liu Guo poems collected in "The Complete Poems of the Song Dynasty" there are many works that reflect his career in Qianye, from "Visiting the Huaihe River"

This can be seen in poems such as "Visit to the Commander-in-Chief of the West", "Visit to the Military Commander of Jinling", "Visit to Zhang Shou of Jingkou", "Visit to the Marshal of Guo Ma", "Visit to the Commander of Suzhou", and "Farewell to Duke Yigong of Zhou". As a traveler, he and Jiang Kui

The relatively stable situation of being a guest is different, and he is always traveling north and south. It is said that "for ten years, he traveled north and south, east and west, and his heroic spirit never faded." 9. He also publicly declared: "The scholar does not want to hang a gold seal, but only looks for the money of riding a crane in Yangzhou."

." 10 This is entirely due to Liu Guo's heroic, outstanding, unrestrained and uninhibited personality. This kind of personality may be difficult to get along with someone for a long time, but it is very suitable for traveling around the world and making friends. Jiatai Guihai (1203) years old,

It was changed in Zhongdu. At that time, Xin Jiaxuan abandoned his illness and commanded Yue. Hearing his name, he sent an introduction to recruit him. It was suitable for him to write the book after he couldn't do it. Because he followed the Xin style "Qinyuan Chun" and sealed it, he started writing.

Realistic. His poem said: "Wouldn't it be fun to fight for wine and pig shoulders, to cross Zhejiang drunkenly..." Xin was so happy that he gave hundreds of thousands of gifts.

Xin Qiji was famous at that time, held a high official position, and held great power. However, in his interactions with Liu Guo, he not only showed no airs, but also appeared very generous, and "sent hundreds of thousands in gifts" before they even met. Later, he

He also invited Liu Guo and treated him warmly, saying, "The palace is as full as the moon, and the rewards are endless." When Liu Guo was about to leave, Xin Qiji once again "Zhou Qianmin" 11. Although Xin Qiji didn't care about money at all, ordinary people

It is not easy to get. Not all Jianghu poets who go to pay homage will receive heavy rewards. The key is to see if you are extraordinary. Although Liu Guo has a bold and rough character, he actually did an extremely meticulous job when doing ye.

, very well prepared. This is reflected in the fact that he is very scheming, pays attention to the temperament of the people he is visiting, distinguishes their different tastes, and tries his best to please him. For example, when he sang harmony with Xin Qiji, he could "imitate Xin's body" and achieve "all

The "similar" effect made Xin Qiji overjoyed. Volume 1 of Zhang Shinan's "Jiwen of Youhuan" in the Southern Song Dynasty also recorded two other quite successful visits by Liu Guo12: one was Huang Youshuai, the minister of Shu, and Hu Gaishi in the middle cabinet.

The daughter of the minister, Mrs. Huang, passed through the snow hall and wrote red cliff calligraphy on the wall. After Liu Guo discovered it, he followed up and wrote a poem. The words are: "press the bridle and drive slowly, children gather to watch, pictures of gods..."

13 Later, Huang Shangshu learned that it was Liu Guo's work, and he "received a generous reward." Another time was when Emperor Shou personally went on an expedition and inspected the forbidden brigade. The army was very solemn. Guo Gao was the commander-in-chief of the palace.

, flourished for a while. Liu Guo also wrote a poem "Qinyuanchun" based on this theme and gave it to Guo Gao. The poem goes: "The jade belt wears a gorilla robe, looking at the green flowers in the distance, the horse goes like a dragon..." 14 Guo Gao's poems

He was also very satisfied and "he gave Liu more than hundreds of thousands of money." From this, it seems that Liu Guo does have some special talent and is good at winning the favor of others and getting what he wants.

Song Zixun, as soon as he visited the powerful minister Jia Sidao, he received 200,000 yuan of Chu coins and built a beautiful big house. Also like Liu Xianlun (uncle), he and Liu Guo were both famous for their poetry, and people at the time called them "Lu".

"Ling Er Liu". Some people think that he is "very talented, and his poems are often unwilling to follow the rhythm"15, but some of his works are also highly appreciated by people. Yue Ke once said that Liu Xianlun and his brother Zhou Bo knew each other. There was a gathering.

Uncle Zhou was overjoyed when he read Shu'an's poems and made an appointment to go to Zhejiang. The next year, Shu'an went to Kuaiji and stayed there for many months. "The salary and money are too much." 16. Some people call him one of the "Five High Schools of Jinhua"

Du Zhan (Zhong Gao) also received the reward of "opening mountain fields" from Xin Qiji. Seeing Gao Zhu's poem "Happy Du Zhong Gao Moves to Qinghu", the original note says: "Jia Xuan opened mountain fields for Zhong Gao, and Zhong Gao

"There is a record of Xintian." 17 Another example is that Ye Shaoweng wrote a poem "Inscribed on the Tomb of King Yue" to praise Yue Fei, a famous general who fought against the Jin Dynasty. As a result, "the poem spread and became popular, and his family sent monthly tributes to Ye" 18. It can be seen that Ye Shaoweng

It was with a poem that he won the favor of the Yue family, and later he received gifts from the Yue family every month.

Dai Xiuxiu, a veteran of the Jianghu world, knows the taste of this very well, so he has the feeling that "whoever remembers the friends of the poor and the lowly, the traces of the Jianghu have long since become old" 20. Therefore, it needs to be pointed out in particular that although Qian Ye is indeed a way for Jianghu poets to make a living.

It is an important way, but it should not be regarded as the only or main means of livelihood for Jianghu poets. We must clearly see that the opportunity to obtain heavy rewards from dignitaries is only available to a very small number of the best Jianghu poets. This opportunity

It will also become unpredictable and unrepeatable due to the influence of many external factors. The reason why the reputation of Jianghu poets as "visitors" is so famous is mainly because this kind of individual success stories similar to winning lottery tickets are so envied by everyone.

It's just a publicity effect caused by talking about it and spreading it widely.

How should a large number of ordinary Jianghu poets solve their livelihood problems? The author found that it is a more realistic source of livelihood for Jianghu poets to seek support from some relatives and friends who are officials or landlords and from better families.

Although this way of making a living has some connections and similarities with the above-mentioned Qian Ye, it is very different in terms of its nature. The characteristics of the interactions between Jianghu poets and these objects are that they have relatively equal status and a quite close relationship.

Some are even more like-minded and have similar interests. The frequent exchanges between them have gone beyond ordinary utilitarian purposes and are mainly out of emotional needs. For example, when Yu Gui was an official, he very much looked forward to having fellow poets visit him.

, his poem goes: "Fortunately, there are not many official affairs in the house, and the empty court is filled with scattered birds. Recently, I have realized that there are few poets and friends, who is willing to live for me?" 21 In such interactions, although Jianghu poets received help from Zhou Enlai,

and the person you are helping, without compromising your own personal dignity.

Gao Zhu had many friends, "all of whom he made friends with were famous people and high-ranking officials. He refused to give in to others. He only had close friendships with Chen Mi and Xu Fu, and he often traveled with them during official travels." 22. This shows that the poet Gao Zhu had a high spirit.

, unwilling to be condescending to those who are high-ranking officials, or wronging himself. Only when his closest friends go out to become officials, he is willing to go with them. Some of them become diners. For example, Liu Han has been in Shaoxing for a long time.

He had nothing to do and was a guest of Wu Yunhe's father. Zhang Yi was originally from the north. After living in the south, he became a "huhaihaoshi" and was once a guest of Xu Ding's husband's family. Zhang Duanyi's "Gui'er Collection" said that he: "Qi but

He is long, has a Yanzhao color on his face, and speaks Northern dialect in his mouth. Xu Dingfu is under his command. He wants to be an official, but he won't accept it."

During the Southern Song Dynasty, there was a culture of wandering and raising scholars in the society. For example, Wei Wenjie (Qi) and Wang Zhongrong were like Lord Mengchang back then, and they had many diners in their homes. Dai Biaoyuan said: "Wenjie's family had many scholars, and Zhongrong

Rong You was particularly fond of handovers, so famous people from all over the world traveled hundreds of miles away, and there was no end to Zhong Rong's followers." 23 These "famous people from all over the world" often came to the Wei family not only to be diners, but also to study.

Jianghu poet Zhang Liangchen (Wu Zi) is one of them. He "traveled from Wei Wenjie and Shi Zhongding" and became their disciple. Later he was classified into this school and was called "Mr. Xuechang". 24. In the imperial examination,

Wei Wenjie also specifically recommended him to Zhang Tao, a magistrate, which shows that he was highly regarded. Another example is Fang Xinyu, who once served as an official in Huaidong and was famous for his envoys. After returning to his hometown, although he lived in poverty in the forest, he was hospitable by nature.

There are still many guests coming to visit. As a relative and friend of Fang Xinyu, Liu Kezhuang knows his situation very well. Liu described Fang Xinyu like this: "If you don't save money to buy mountain money in your life, why do you want to have a beautiful house by chance? There are only so many guests."

When the monks were sitting there, only He was allowed to accompany the boat after fishing." 25 Liu Kezhuang also said that Fang Xiru "didn't like to manage life" and was particularly a "good scholar".

"The house is always full of diners." 26. Among the many diners in the Fang family, there are naturally many poets. The more famous ones include Zhao Zhongbai, Sun Huaweng, Gao Jiuwan and others. It is said that they are all frequent visitors to his house.

Dai Fuxu's ability to "stay in Quannan for a long time" is entirely due to the hospitality of the local officials and friends, and his carefree life.

In addition, Dai Fuxu also lived in Minzhong for a period of time, and the local Wang Shijun often provided help. The poem "Thanks to the Wang Shijun for sending travel expenses" recorded this incident: "There are not many days in a year, but one year has passed in Minzhong.

When visiting guests in Huangtang, they often give money for selling poems." 29 Others, such as the poet who traveled to Yangzhou, and the minister Zhao Kui also generously donated money. He wore a poem titled "Meeting Huaidong Commander Zhao." The minister of Nanzhong treated him very well, and specially gave him money to buy mountain coins.

, and wanted to publish a poem on Shiping, and placed it in Yangzhou Junzhai, "Farewell and Say Thanks". It seems that Zhao Shilang really cared about him, not only sending money, but also publishing poems. No wonder Dai Fuxu expressed his gratitude to him when they broke up.

He expressed his heartfelt thanks: "It's hard to say goodbye to people who have received so many favors." 30 Of course, the old poet did not meet a considerate official like Zhao Kui every day, and sometimes he had to ask for begging. In "Shibo Tiju"

In Guan Zhong's "Poetry on Drinking in Wan Gong Hall", there are lines such as "Mocking and chanting is guilty of disaster, and I have not taken any measures to plan my return. There are no poets in Jilin, and I will bother the public tomorrow to ask about the ship." 31 and other sentences are very clear.

He revealed that he still lacked funds when he returned home, and inspired the gentleman to give some money in addition to inviting him to drink. From Dai Fuxu's "Zhenjiang Farewell General Wu Daofu, the Minister, Shi Yuziqi came to welcome him" in his later years.

In the poem "Day and night, I urge you to return home", there are two sentences: "After forty years in the world, I can only buy mountain money when I am old." It can be seen that he finally gathered a sum of funds for retirement. Therefore, Fang Hui said that Dai Fuzhu

In the late festival, poems were given great importance, and the princes competed for gifts and returned home to start a family.

In addition to Dai Fushi, many other Jianghu poets also rely on constant subsidies from friends to support their families. For example, Xu Pei's poem "Gift to Ye Jingyi" says: "When I was a court official, I gave away my remaining salary, and my family spread it to poetry journals."

Another example is that Liu Kezhuang suffered from eye diseases in his later years. The minister Hong Tianxi warned him to "stop socializing and think less" and gave him a "medical allowance of 30 million yuan". Liu was extremely grateful for this, which he regarded as "helping him in times of need" 33
Chapter completed!