He is the Yellow River. Huang is the Huangshui River. Hehuang originally refers to a place where the Huangshui River merges with the Yellow River. It refers to Hexi and Longyou lands that were forcibly occupied and ruled by Tubo after the Anshi Rebellion of the Tang Dynasty (now Gansu and west of the Yellow River in Qinghai Provinces). Gansu during the Tang Dynasty was not the current Gansu. Hexi during the Tang Dynasty. Longyou was the richest place in China than Jiangnan. At that time, it was known as "the world's richest people are as rich as Longyou."

The Anshi Rebellion that occurred in the early Tang Dynasty was a turning point for the Tang Dynasty to decline from prosperity. In 755 AD (the 14th year of Tianbao of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty), the Anshi Rebellion broke out. The Tang government hurriedly transferred elite soldiers from Hexi, Longyou and other places to quell the war. Most of the generals of Helong and Shuofang were transferred to the important areas of Tongguan. In fact, these soldiers were also a group of mobs. The 400,000 troops in Tongguan were killed by tens of thousands of Hu troops commanded by An Lushan. The Battle of Tongguan is a classic example of Chinese history in which weak defeats the strong. Tubo took advantage of the situation to attack the Tang Dynasty. The "New Book of Tang" records: "

During the rebellion of Anlushan, Geshuhan and the Long soldiers guarded Tongguan in the east. The generals all used their troops to fight the trouble. They called Xingying. The border was empty, so Tubo was able to take advantage of the opportunity to plunder. "The Old Book of Tang records: "When Tongguan was lost, Heluo blocked the troops, so he conquered Helong. The generals of Shuofang rushed into the National War, which was called Xingying. In the past, the military camp and border states were not prepared. After Qianyuan, Tubo took advantage of our gap and fled the border cities, and some were plundering and killing, or robbing and killing, or scattering the gullies. A few years later, the west of Fengxiang, north of Binzhou, and the territory of the Fanrong were overwhelmed. "In 756 AD (Dizong of Tang Dynasty arrived at the time of the Tang Dynasty).

After the first year of De), Tubo occupied more than ten prefectures west of Fengxiang, Shaanxi and north of the provinces, including Guzhou, Minzhou, Qinzhou, Weizhou, Taozhou and other places. In 763 AD (the first year of Guangde of Emperor Daizong of the Tang Dynasty), Tubo completely captured Lan (Gaolan, Gansu), He (Linxia, ​​Gansu), Gu (Qinghai Guide), Shan (Qinghai Xining), Lin (Lintao, Gansu), Min (Minxian, Gansu), Qin (Tianshui), Cheng (Chengxian, Gansu), Wei (Longxi, Gansu), and other places in Longyou, Anxi, Beiting, Hexi and Central Plains, Tubo went north along the Qilian Mountains, and the

After 764 (the second year of Guangde), Tubo successively occupied Liangzhou (now Wuwei City, Gansu), Gansu (Zhangye City, Gansu), Shazhou (Dunhuang, Gansu), Su (Jiuquan, Gansu), Gua (Anxi, Gansu), and other places. At this point, Longxi, Hexi became the world of the Tubo people. Tubo took advantage of the chaos to seize 50 counties, Hexi and Huangshan, including the Tang Dynasty, six towns, fourteen armies, and the descendants of the Tang people were all slaves. The "Old History of the Five Dynasties" records: "During the Anlushan Rebellion, Suzong was in Lingwu, and all the Hexi garrison soldiers were summoned to recover the two capitals. Tubo took advantage of the opportunity to seize Hexi, Longyou, and millions of Chinese were trapped in Tubo."

"Hongkong Qu Ci - Longtou" by Zhang Ji, a famous poet of the Tang Dynasty, describes the tragic situation when Liangzhou (now Wuwei City, Gansu) fell: "Longtou has been cut off, and the Hu cavalry entered Liangzhou City at night. The Han family fought and died everywhere, and they were all gone in Longxi. They drove the people from the border to go to Hu, scattered cattle, sheep, and ate wheat and millet. Last year, China raised its descendants, and now they are wearing felt fur and learning Hu language. Who can make Li Qingche more and take Liangzhou to belong to the Han family?" If they are not of our race, their hearts must be different; the distinction between Chinese and foreigners must be guarded against.

Huang Renyu couldn't help but sigh in "The Great History of China": "In fact, since the rebellion of An Lushan, the area west of the upper reaches of the Yellow River has been occupied by Tubo forever, and border conflicts often occur. After the failure of negotiations in 787, the Tubo troops captured more than 10,000 Chinese people and handed them to their tribes as slaves. Before passing a canyon, these Tubo people asked the prisoners to bid farewell to their parents' hometown east. Historical records mentioned that hundreds of people cried and fainted, and many people jumped off the cliff."

At that time, Tubo was in a slave society, and its economy and culture were primitive and backward. The Tubo people forced the Tuboization policy in Longxi, Hexi and other places. These Tang people who unfortunately fell into slaves of the country were forced to get rid of their clothes. The descendants of the Tang people who unfortunately became slaves of the country were forced to change their clothes, learn to speak the French language, and have tattoos on the face of the ochre. The Tubo people's Tuboization Tuboization was a de-Tang transformation, which was based on historical traditions, national customs, language and writing, etc. The purpose of this policy was to forcefully promote the Tang people into Tubo people. Zizhi Tongjian records: "Tubo has obtained the Hebei and Huang land, and the land is vast and the defense is vast and the military is ill. The country has caused disaster because it was the country's use of Hu as a border general, so it has about 500,000 people from Helong, thinking that it is not a race, and there are no wise and foolish people, so they dare not Those who are in charge all think they are maids, so the person suffers them. When they see Lun, they all return home, and they all fur and fur their heads, peek at the gaps of the wall, or grind their hearts and cry..." The Tang people, who unfortunately became slaves of the country, were forced to live a miserable life under the rule of slavery of the Tubo people. The Tang people Chen Yazhi's "Collection of Essays of the Shenxia Xian" records: "East to the east of the Wheel Sea, the divine birds, Dunhuang, Zhangye, Jiuquan, east to Jincheng, Huining, and southeast to Shangqi Qingshui. All fifty counties, six towns and fifteen armies were descendants of the Tang people. They were born as slaves and servants, and they lived in the city, or scattered in the wild zodiac." The "New Book of Tang Tubo" records: "The people of the states all surrendered and captured the father and ancestors every year, and wore Chinese clothes, and hurried and hid them." The humiliating history of the Han people's hair and changing clothes began in the middle of the Tang Dynasty...

The rulers of the Tang Dynasty were unable to recover the territory, rivers and people that had fallen into Tubo, but they tried to make peace. Under the oppression and deterrence of Tubo's powerful military force, the rulers of the Tang Dynasty were afraid of Tubo from the bottom of their hearts. In 783 AD, the Tang government was forced to sign the "Tang-Tibet Qingshui Alliance" with Tubo. The incompetent government of the Tang Dynasty shamelessly recognized the prefectures and counties occupied by Tubo as Tubo's territory and expressed their adherence to the alliance. The covenant stipulates: "The Tang Dynasty's territory is full of Danzheng Gorge, Longzhou's left and right Qingshui, Feng The states were divided into Tonggu in the west, the Jiannan was divided into Xishan in the south, and the Dadu River. Tubo guarded Zhenlan, Wei, Yuan, Hui, Lintao in the west, and Chengzhou in the east, and arrived in Jiannan and Mo some barbarians in the southwest of the Dadu River." From then on, Longnan's civil, military, Cheng, Di, Dang, and Min provinces all abolished all the prefectures and counties and counties and became Tubo's territory. This was the first cemetering treaty in Chinese history that was powerless and humiliating. The rulers of the Tang Dynasty sold their country for tolerance and relied on ceding land to survive. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the shameless government ceded land far larger than Taiwan and Hong Kong where the last Qing government ceded land. The incompetent Tang Dynasty brought too much shame to the Han people.

In the second year of Zhenyuan of Emperor Dezong of Tang Dynasty in 786 AD, Han Jin, the governor of Runzhou of Tang Dynasty, submitted a memorial to attack Tubo and recover Hehuang. He said: "Tubo thieves had Hehuang for a long time. Before the Dali period, China had many difficulties, so they invaded him. I heard that since his (Tubo) had recently been weak, the soldiers were weak, and the food was strong in the west, and the people of the Uighurs were sick in the north, and the defense of Nanzhao in the east. It was planned that the soldiers in He and Long were only 50,000 or 60,000 soldiers... Recovering He and Long were twenty Yuzhou can be kept waiting." At this time, it was a great opportunity to recover the mountains and rivers. According to the envoy of the British, Cui Han, there were only 59,000 troops stationed in Helong, 86,000 horses, but only 30,000 soldiers, and all the soldiers were old and weak. The Tubo army was so weak that the Tang Dynasty, which resurrected its life by selling the interests of the country and the nation, only wanted to be content with peace, but did not want to regain its lost homeland. The Tang Dynasty rulers were afraid of Tubo from the bottom of their hearts.

Because the incompetent Tang government was unable and dared not recover for a long time. Du Mu, a patriotic poet of the Tang Dynasty, wrote "Hehuang": "The prince of Yuan Zai once used it, and Emperor Xianzong also paid attention. Then he saw that he was dressed in the east market, but he suddenly left his bow and sword to go west. Although he drove the sheep and drove the horses, his white hair and loyalty were all over the Han ministers. Only Liangzhou sang and dance music spread to the world's leisurely people." A sharp satirical sarcasm of the incompetence of the rulers of the Tang Dynasty.

The long-term fall has caused dissatisfaction among many patriots in the Tang Dynasty. Liu Jingfu, the last poet of the Tang Dynasty, wrote "Dream to write a children's song for Wu Taibo": "I heard that ten years ago, Liangzhou did not have a Xirong Cave. The clothes and right lapels of the hemp are all Han people, and the Hu laws are temporarily prosperous. At the end of Taiping, the wild and wild dogs and pigs are chaotic, and dogs and pigs are scattered. Before Xuanzong arrived at Wanli Bridge, the East Luoxijing was gone for a while. The people of Han were all deserted for the time being. The people of Han were all deserted for the time being, and the people were swallowed by the hatred and swallowed. At the time, they looked at the Han moon and looked at the sky of the Han Dynasty, and the resentment was slamming into a comet. The eight or nine towns in the west of the country, and the high city was blocked and the leisurely soldiers were closed. Hehuang was not allowed to be collected at a distance, and the millet was pushed by the cart. Now I heard the music of Liangzhou, which made my mind secretly. If the victor was playing against the frontier, the blood of the conquest was scattered."

Bai Juyi, a famous poet of the Tang Dynasty, wrote "Xiliang Ji" to express his strong dissatisfaction through the mouths of veterans and ridiculed the incompetent government. "A man who was seventy years old, saw Liangzhou crying. After crying, General Bai was worried about his ministers' humiliation. Since the war of Tianbao, Quanrong swallowed Xibi day and night. Liangzhou has been trapped forty years, and Helong invaded seven thousand miles. Usually, he has thousands of miles of borders in Xi, and today the border guards are in Fengxiang." The border of the Tang Dynasty was actually just a short distance from Fengxiang, Shaanxi, and the capital Xi'an. It is conceivable that the incompetence of the Tang government is so serious and the harshness of the incompetence of the Tang government...

"Old Soldiers of Hehuang" by the Tang Dynasty poet Zhang Qiao: "A young man followed the general to fight against Hehuang. When he was white, the Qing Dynasty returned to his hometown. Tens of thousands of Han troops were scattered and he blew the border toward the setting sun." It records a veteran who had survived for a long time in Hehuang. His comrades died in battle and were fortunate to return to his hometown. This poem reveals a deep sadness... accusing the incompetence of the Tang government.

Tubo carried out extremely cruel national oppression on the Han people in the occupied Hexi area. The Han people were forced to wear the clothes of Tubo people and had to speak Tubo language. When walking on the streets, they had to bend down like slaves and walk, and they could not look directly at the Tubo people. Historical records show that when Shazhou City was broken, "the Dingshi became slaves, farmed and grazed, and the old people all killed them, or cut their hands and eyes and abandoned them." The fate of being a slave to the collapse of the country was really tragic! The Zhang Yichao and his Guiyi army, who resisted Tubo in Shazhou and other places in Hexi during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, and recovered Zhucheng in Hexi, were really heroes!
Chapter completed!