The steps for making penicillin in Renyi are very simple. They first cultivate natural penicillin, then separate it using physical means, and finally purify it.

Sun Jing prepared various tools strictly according to the instructions in the play. If there were no petri dishes, he bought small porcelain dishes at a high price. He even found a master potter from outside Fucheng and spent a lot of money to customize a set of distillation tools.

Sun Jing first extracted a small amount of penicillium from moldy fruits, but these were not enough to extract penicillin. The first step was to increase the amount of penicillium. Sun Jing mixed sweet potato juice and ground it with rice as instructed in the play.

The juice was used as a culture medium solution, and then Penicillium was planted on the culture medium. In order to ensure that the quantity of Penicillium was sufficient, Sun Jing cultured a total of one hundred copies of Penicillium.

The second step is to wait for a week of culture and extract the cultured Penicillium. The specific steps are to pour the culture liquid into a funnel, inject vegetable oil into the filtered liquid and stir evenly. After an hour of standing, the liquid is divided into

There are three layers. The fat-soluble substances in the upper layer float on it because of its low density. The middle layer contains some insoluble substances. The lower layer contains water-soluble substances. Penicillin is a water-soluble substance. You only need to extract the water-soluble substances.

Sun Jing asked a potter to customize some pottery with openings at the bottom. After pouring the liquid into the container, he carefully drained out the water-soluble substances in the lower layer. However, at this time, penicillin also contained a large number of other impurities. If it were injected directly into the human body, it would basically

I'll burp soon!

The third step is to filter. Add the filtered penicillin solution to the boiled and sterilized activated carbon powder, stir, the activated carbon powder absorbs the penicillin, put the activated carbon powder into the container, add distilled water, wash out the impure substances, and then add vinegar

The acidic water made (penicillin is a weak acid substance and is insoluble in weak acid, so it can wash away alkaline impurities), then add alkaline soda water (to separate the penicillin from the carbon powder), and what flows out at the bottom is the purer water

Penicillin.

This filtration step is the most critical step. If the impurities are not filtered out, the life-saving medicine will soon turn into poison.

During World War II, when Japan's pharmaceutical factories were bombed and blocked by sea, this was how the masses were mobilized to produce antibiotics in an indigenous way. This indigenous method was also embodied in the TV series. However, what was not shown in the drama was that the penicillin prepared in this way was very effective.

Touching, more people were put to death than alive. After the war, an investigation found that it was because every household always had illegal operations, resulting in uneven product quality, and during the war, there was no time to carefully inspect the cause. Although some people were killed

Many people have proven that this indigenous method of making penicillin is correct.

The third step requires most activated carbon and distilled water. Fortunately, the boilers on the island have been successfully operated and can provide high-temperature and high-pressure steam. Activated carbon is naturally not a big problem. As for distilled water, it is even simpler. Condensing water vapor becomes distilled water.

, although the output is not as high as that of later generations, it is far stronger than the shogunate era in the TV series.

After the third step is completed, it is necessary to identify the efficacy of the drug. Divide the resulting penicillin into a certain number of equal parts. Add a small amount of penicillin solution to the bacterial culture medium that was cultured in advance. After one night, you can see whether the penicillin has become effective.

Success, because of the bactericidal properties of penicillin, a white circle without bacteria will appear around the solution. At this step, the preparation of penicillin is basically successful.

Of course, this is just the successful preparation of penicillin in the laboratory, and the final step is required, purification! Because each batch is manually operated, the concentration of penicillin produced is different, so different concentrations of penicillin must be purified into a standard

(This chapter is not finished, please turn the page)

.

The paper chromatography method used in the TV series is very simple. This method is used to separate chlorophyll in high school biology experiments. Penicillin with a concentration of up to 99% can be purified using the principle of similar miscibility.

These steps are very simple, and they are also very simple on TV, but they all stay in Sun Jing's mind. She has only reached the first step of the experiment, which is to prepare Penicillium.

Zhao Heng came outside the laboratory and smelled a pungent smell of alcohol when he arrived at the door. Zhao Heng didn't know what experiments were being done inside, so he had to stand at the door and shout: "Mom, are you there? I'm coming!"

Sun Jing was doing a breeding experiment, transferring the propagated mycelium to other petri dishes. Hearing the cry of his son outside, Sun Jing stopped doing the experiment and said to Zhao Jing beside him: "Zhao Jing, you do it.

For the rest, I’ll go out and see your big brother!”

After two months of training by Sun Jing, Zhao Jing was completely accomplished. She took over the work from Sun Jing and continued, while Sun Jing changed her clothes and went out to visit her precious son.

After Sun Jing saw Zhao Heng at the door, she smiled and said, "You brat, how come you have time to come back to visit your mother?"

No matter how old a son is, he is still a child in front of his parents. Zhao Heng smiled and said: "Mom, of course I miss you!"

Although Sun Jing knew that her son was lying to her, she was still very happy. She stepped forward, hugged Zhao Heng and kissed him twice. Then she looked up and down and asked, "Boy, why have you lost weight? Is it because you didn't eat well or because you trained too hard?"

?”

Zhao Heng smiled: "Mom, my son has good food and accommodation. I came back this time mainly to see my mother and grandma, and to see how our new home is being built!"

Zhao Fuxiang lived in Fucheng all year round, and Zhao Zhikuan also lived in the factory for work, and did not come back once for ten and a half months. Ma Guilan and Sun Jing were the only two women left at home. When Sun Jing heard what Zhao Heng said, he laughed and cursed: "You are just saying that.

I’m going to visit my mother and grandma, and actually come back to see your new house, right?”

Zhao Heng chuckled: "I stopped by to take a look at the new house. Of course, I mainly missed my mother and grandma!"

Zhao Heng's sweet words made Sun Jing very happy. Sun Jing smiled and said: "When mommy explains the matter, I will cook you a delicious meal tonight. Do you want to eat salt and pepper crab?"

Although the food in the army was plentiful, the food cooked by his mother was delicious. Zhao Heng heard what his mother said and agreed with a smile.

"Mom, how's your penicillin doing? Can I go in and take a look?"

Zhao Heng is also very interested in penicillin. After all, this drug is one of the key drugs to reduce the casualty rate. Those veterans in the army who have gone through wars are the main combat force, and wound infection on the battlefield is the main reason for the high mortality rate.

With penicillin, you can basically save a life as long as the injury is not fatal.

Of course it would be no problem for his son to come and see him. Sun Jing led Zhao Heng into the house. Only then did Zhao Heng realize that the house was divided into two parts. The door was the waiting area, which was separated from the laboratory inside by a gauze curtain. In the waiting area

Sun Jing picked up a spray bottle, which contained 75% alcohol. Sun Jing carefully sprayed her son and herself to avoid bringing other bacteria from the outside into the laboratory.

Zhao Heng did not expect that his mother would produce disinfectant alcohol, and asked curiously: "Mom, where did you get this alcohol?"

"Of course we made it ourselves. Son, don't underestimate the Ming Dynasty. At this time, distilled liquor with more than 40 degrees of alcohol had already appeared. As long as the distillation is carried out a few more times, you can get alcohol for disinfection.

(This chapter is not finished, please turn the page)

, of course, if you want pure alcohol, it is much more difficult. After all, the still is not sealed well, so the alcohol has to be distilled ten times to get it!"

After careful disinfection, Zhao Heng followed Sun Jing into the laboratory. When he entered the laboratory, he found that the temperature here was several degrees higher than outside, about 25 or 26 degrees. Zhao Heng looked around and there was no stove.

How to ensure the room temperature here?

Sun Jing smiled and said: "How about it, are you curious? Because the laboratory needs to cultivate bacterial strains, the temperature must be kept between twenty-five and six degrees. This temperature is the most suitable for the growth of bacterial strains! In order to ensure the temperature, here

There is a fire dragon under the ground, which is similar to the fire kang in the Northeast. When the weather is cold, charcoal is burned inside to keep the indoor temperature!"

Zhao Heng was curious. It was easy to burn charcoal in winter, but what about summer? Hainan Island is a tropical island, and the temperature in summer can easily reach more than 30 degrees. What should I do?

After Zhao Heng asked his question, Sun Jing replied: "Of course we use well water to cool down. Didn't you see the wall outside when you came in? There are water channels made of stone slabs. When the weather is hot, the well water is brought up.

roof, and then pour it along the water channels to cool the house with well water!”

Zhao Heng did not expect that his mother could think of such a perfect air-conditioning device, and praised: "Mom, you are so awesome. Isn't this an air-conditioned room? It can maintain a constant temperature all year round!"

Sun Jing smiled and said: "This is not your mother's credit. I am just talking about the general demand. The craftsmen brought by Zheng Song are the most powerful. They thought of this method. It seems that the wisdom of the ancients is not necessarily worse than ours."

!”

The laboratory occupies an area of ​​about sixty square meters. Apart from a few wooden shelves, there is only a large table in the middle. It is filled with porcelain dishes as big as small bowls. There are fifty or sixty of them. Zhao Jing brings a

The fourteen-year-old or fifteen-year-old girl was concentrating on her work. Zhao Heng didn't know what they were doing. When he walked in, he saw that Zhao Jing was holding an iron piece, marking a few lines on a porcelain plate, and then handed it to the little girl next to him.

, the little girl skillfully picked up a porcelain plate to cover the bowl, burned it on the alcohol lamp, and then covered it on the porcelain plate. The little girl probably worked for a long time, and she was very fast. She could finish one in a few seconds.

Zhao Heng didn't know what they were doing and asked: "Mom, what are they doing? Cultivating Penicillium?"

Sun Jing smiled and said: "Yes, prepare the bacterial strain on a new petri dish, and then after a week of cultivation, you can get the complete strain!"

After saying that, Sun Jing picked up a petri dish from the shelf nearby, opened it and showed it to Zhao Heng. As expected, it was already covered with green hairs, like moldy fruit, exuding a strange smell.

smell.

Zhao Heng really didn't believe that this thing could produce penicillin. He asked, "Mom, this thing can produce penicillin?"

Sun Jing nodded: "Yes, penicillin is a by-product of Penicillium, but it is not ready for use yet. It still needs to go through separation, filtration, purification and other steps!"

Zhao Heng looked at this simple laboratory and asked: "Mom, are you producing penicillin here?"

Sun Jing smiled: "Of course not here, this is just a laboratory. After the Penicillium culture is completed, other steps must be carried out. This place is too close to your grandma's experimental field. There will be too many impurities to guarantee purity. I have asked Zheng Song

A new production workshop has been built outside the hospital, and production will be moved there when the time comes!"

Sun Jing said with a smile: "Okay, you have finished reading. You will go home with your mother later and she will prepare delicious food for you!"
Chapter completed!