The experts brought by Hindenburg were still discussing heatedly. At this time, a comparative scholar-type expert said: "The power system of a ship steam turbine can be divided into four main functional components: steam turbine, boiler, condenser, and gearbox. The first and most important part is the steam turbine mentioned just now.

The working environment and usage conditions of marine steam turbines are different from those of power station steam turbines. It is not that China has steam turbines for power plants that can prove that they can build battleships or steam turbines for ships. Marine steam turbines must be installed on a deformable hull base and are often affected by the hull swaying and impact. Its normal operation is directly related to the safety of the entire ship, so it has higher requirements for reliability. Its volume and weight are also strictly limited by the hull. Ships need to frequently change speed or reverse sail when entering and leaving the port or performing tasks, so there are special requirements for the mobility of the steam turbine. Marine steam turbines sometimes use single

The shaft, usually called a single cylinder, is generally arranged in a double-axis or triple-axis split-axis arrangement. This is because the steam capacity changes greatly in the front and rear sections of the turbine, and the heights of the high and low-pressure turbine blades vary greatly. When a single-axis arrangement, it is necessary to avoid the circumference speed of the low-pressure stage blade wheels being too large, the centrifugal stress is too large, and the rotation speed cannot be too high. This makes the circumference speed of the high-pressure stage blade wheels relatively low, and the shaft work is small, so the number of stages must be increased, which will increase the volume and weight of the steam turbine. If the diameter of the central axis of the high-pressure part can be increased slightly, and the number of stages can be reduced to a certain extent, because the blade height is too small at this time, relative internal loss increases, making it difficult to obtain high internal efficiency.

Warships often need to perform maneuvering operations such as rapid acceleration and deceleration, reverse rotation, etc. Therefore, in order to improve maneuverability, ship steam turbines mostly use forged or welded rotors to reduce problems due to rapid temperature changes during variable working conditions. In addition, 2 to 3 levels of reverse rotation are usually set behind low-pressure turbines. The twisting direction of the reverse rotation blades is opposite to the regular rotation. When reverse rotation is required, steam will not enter the high and low-pressure turbine stages, but will directly enter the reverse rotation stage, driving the spindle to reverse.

The ship-purpose steam turbine is only one main surface, and the second part of the boiler is second only to the steam turbine. The boiler is a device that uses the heat energy or other energy released from fuel combustion to heat the working fluid to a certain parameter. The boiler used to heat water to convert it into steam is called a steam boiler. Also called a steam generator. There are three basic thermal parameters of a steam boiler: one is the steam temperature, the second is the steam pressure, and the third is the evaporation. At the end of the World War I, the water pipe boiler gradually replaced the fire pipe boiler.

.The power plants of ship steam turbines use water pipe boilers. Power station boilers usually use coal as fuel. Before the 20th century, most ship boilers also used coal as fuel, and artificial shoveled coal to add coal. Most of the coal used in warships are anthracite, because on the one hand, there is no thick black smoke after the anthracite is burned, which is not easy to be discovered (the distance to be discovered is increased), which improves concealment. On the other hand, there are few impurities of anthracite. The calorific value is high, and carrying the same weight of fuel can achieve a larger range.

In the 20th century, as the primary energy carrier of internal combustion engine fuel (gasoline, diesel), oil production grew rapidly. As gasoline, the heavy oil production of diesel by-products also increased significantly. Since it is a by-product, the price of heavy oil is very cheap and gradually used in boiler fuel. It was later discovered that as a liquid fuel, the fuel supply system of heavy oil is much simpler than that of coal supply system, and the unit calorific value of heavy oil is higher. The calorific value of heavy oil is about 41mj/kg. Carrying the same weight of fuel, heavy oil can allow warships to obtain a longer range. In 1912

By 1914, the Royal Navy began to build the "Queen Elizabeth-class battleships that were completely fueled by oil. During the same period, Japan also began to use coal and oil mixed fuel boilers. Since then, the fuel of warship boilers gradually changed from coal to heavy oil. The most significant difference between ship boilers and ground power station boilers is that ship boilers have strict restrictions on appearance, size and weight. Usually, it is better to reduce the thermal efficiency of the boiler, and try to reduce the weight and size of the boiler. For example, in general, ship boilers do not have air preheaters or even economizers.

Another part is a condenser, a heat exchanger. Its function is to condense the water vapor discharged from the turbine into liquid water and send it to the feed water pump to boost the pressure so as to return it to the boiler for circulation. Most of the working fluid discharged from the steam turbine, water vapor, is still in the steam state. Although the enthalpy value is still high, it cannot enter the boiler with the high-pressure feed water because the pressure is very low. To boost the gas requires a lot of energy. In fact, gas boost is the reverse process of adiabatic expansion. In contrast, to boost the liquid water does not

Too much energy is required, which is why Langken thermal cycles used by steam turbines can output effective power to the outside, so exhaust steam needs to be condensed into liquid water. This process is completed in the condenser. There are many small tubes in the condenser, made of copper or aluminum alloy with good heat transfer performance, and steam flows through it. The coolant seawater, circulating fresh water or air. Ship condensers are usually cooled by seawater, flowing through the outside of the tube, and heat exchange with the steam inside, condensing the steam into liquid water.

In order to reduce weight, the ship-used steam turbines must minimize the number of series, especially the low-pressure stages, because the circumference diameter of the low-pressure stage wheel is large and the weight is large. However, if the stage is reduced, the exhaust steam back pressure will be higher and the exhaust steam temperature will be correspondingly high. This requires a larger capacity of the condenser. Therefore, the condenser capacity of the ship-used steam turbine is larger than that of the power station steam turbine condenser with the same power. Fortunately, the warship is operating at sea and has sufficient sea water to be used as a coolant.

The last part of action is the gearbox. In order to obtain relatively high circumferential work and thermal efficiency, the speed of the steam turbine is relatively high. Usually, the high-pressure rotor speed is 5000 to 10,000 rpm, and the low-pressure rotor speed is 3000 to 5,000 rpm. However, in order to make the propeller have a higher propulsion efficiency, its speed cannot be too high. Otherwise, the surface of the propeller will vaporize local water, produce cavitation, and consume a lot of energy due to strong friction with the water. Usually, the speed of the propeller is 80 to 150 rpm, while in order to reduce the weight, warships use slightly higher speeds, usually 150 to 400 rpm. The propeller speed at high speeds such as battleships are generally 150 to 250 rpm. Therefore, the propeller cannot be directly driven by the turbine shaft.

To this end, in addition to electric propulsion propellers, gear reducers with a large reduction ratio are generally used between the turbine and the propeller. Usually, they are 2-stage or 3-stage deceleration, high-speed, heavy-load, and high-precision gear reducers are the key part of marine steam turbine units.

In order to raise the position of the turbine so as to place the condenser under the low-pressure cylinder, pinion gears of each stage are often placed in the upper half of the large gears of the same level in the reducer. In ships with limited cabin height, some condensers are placed at the front end of the low-pressure cylinder. The turbine is axial exhaust of steam.

According to my description above, being able to build steam turbines for power plants does not mean that the Chinese are able to manufacture steam turbines for ships. Most of all, but they are completely products of two design concepts. So I think if China wants to build battleships, according to the current development speed, the most optimistic estimate will take ten years to prepare for the strength of producing battleships. Even if our country does its best to help them, China will have to prepare for three to five years. However, if China wants to build warships below 10,000 tons, with their current industrial level, you can try it!"

After finishing his speech, the scholar-type expert said. Hindenburg nodded. China is a great power, but China not only has a naval power like Japan as its close neighbor, but its neighboring countries are also colonized by Britain, France and other countries. In order to increase the voice of the Chinese in Asia, or China needs to establish an inland defense circle. From these two points, China urgently needs to build its own warships. It seems that we have more bargaining chips in negotiations with the Chinese. Although our German navy failed in the Jutland Naval Battle, it was just a strategic failure. In tactical terms, we Germans are winners. If China wants to develop its own ship industry, we can only go to me.

The country seeks help. Or buys it from the United States. Britain and France cannot sell a large warship to China, because it will make their allies in Asia very nervous and threaten their security in Asian colonies, which is not worth it politically and economically. The Americans really want to sell some warships eliminated from the first world war. The price will probably be very cheap, but I think from the perspective of China Li, I will definitely see that buying warships. Although the cost is low, once it enters warships, it will be subject to others. When the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Chinese suffered this loss. In the end, the Chinese will definitely seek cooperation with our Germany as much as possible."

"Marson Marshal, we have considered transferring the military ship industry to foreign countries. What you mean is that we should consider cooperating with the Chinese?"

"Yes, although eggs cannot be placed in a basket, from the perspective of the German revival strategy, it is beneficial for us to have a navy in China. At least it can disperse some pressure from Britain and France."

"But once Britain and France know that we will definitely cause trouble for us if we transfer naval ship manufacturing to China?"

"It would be great if this is true. It would be a kind of diplomatic bargaining chip that can make Britain and France trouble us."

The Germans were using how to use the navy to calculate the Chinese people's brains. Li Changgeng was also trying his best to test naval construction. A country without coastal defense is an unguarded country. As a later generation, he certainly could not tolerate the situation of China without a navy, but how to develop the navy and what kind of navy it was a headache for him!

The types of combat in the classification navy are distinguished by marine geography, which can usually be subdivided into four types: inland navy, brown water navy, green water navy and blue water navy. Later, the new China chose to develop the green water navy because of its backward industrial conditions. The "brown water navy" and "green water navy" were in the sea area closest to about 200 nautical miles to the land. It appears yellow-brown color due to the mixed soil in the sea water, and is commonly known as "yellow water" or "brown water" by the international marine community. It extends from the end point of the brown water area to several

In areas above 100 nautical miles, the seawater is purer than "brown water" and is defined as "green water". "Brown Water Navy" and "Green Water Navy" refer to naval forces that are mainly engaged in continental shelf areas near the coast such as "brown water" and "green water", and rely on the support of mainland bases. The main task is to protect the security of the country's coastline. Therefore, it is also called "coastal defense navy" and "offshore defense navy". The "brown water Navy" and "green water Navy" are mainly equipped with land-based weapons and light ships.

Seawater is purer than "brown water" and "green water", less affected by land impurities, and the seawater is basically blue or blue-black, so it is called "blue water". The national naval power with blue water areas as its strategic focus is the "blue water navy". The main task of the Blue Water Navy is to protect its own maritime rights and interests and maritime security, and complete combat tasks more independently from hostile forces that threaten its own maritime security. The Blue Water Navy has the nature of troop delivery, can be deployed globally, has a large scale, has strong self-sufficiency, and is mainly equipped with large surface ships. Generally, it has aircraft carrier fleets that can implement surface, underwater, and air three-dimensional fire strikes and troop delivery capabilities.

Later China developed a green water navy for half a century, and as its national strength increased, when it wanted to move towards blue water, it found that the Americans were blocking their doorstep. If China wants to become an influential power in the world, it cannot give up the opportunity to move towards the navy to the deep blue. I don’t know how many times it took to make the navy go towards the deep blue.

Nowadays, China's existing industrial strength is not strong enough to develop the Green Water Navy. However, a country's idea of ​​developing a Green Water Navy is obviously wrong, whether it is China in later generations or France, which first proposed the Green Water Navy.

In 1884, Admiral Yasente, the representative of the young French naval mission, became the French Navy Minister. He also believed that the emerging maritime power torpedoes were the magic weapon to defeat the enemy. Once France had 100 lightning strike ships, it would be the biggest threat to the British navy. Moreover, the construction of torpedo ships was insignificant compared to the main battleships. Therefore, after he came to power, he immediately ordered the cancellation of all battleship construction plans, which was for the already defeated French Navy.

It was undoubtedly another fatal blow. The French did not realize this mistake until the 1990s and quickly picked up the three "Marso" class ships that had been delayed for almost 7 years. Unfortunately, by the time they were completed, they seemed old. The design and construction of the "Charles Martel" class, the three "Charlemain" class, etc. could not support the French Navy's arsenal. By the end of the 19th century, the French naval fleet had long been far behind. It could be said that it had become an irrelevant force on the high seas.

The stupid things the French did and the lessons learned by China in later generations over fifty years tell us that if a country, especially a big country, does not go deep blue, it will have no future if the navy does not go deep blue.

Although everything must be done within one's ability, it is not possible for China to not be prepared sufficiently, especially China still uses a naval power like Japan as its opponent. Tens of thousands of kilometers of coastlines are absolutely not possible without naval defense.

Now is not the time for missile destroyers to roam the world. Battleships and cannons on cruisers represent the axiom and power of a country. If China does not make its mark in this regard, the Chinese will always lose in the game of great powers. Of course, China is not behind everywhere. At least China is the world's competitors in aviation, which lays a good foundation for China to develop the future King of Sea aircraft carriers. However, aircraft carriers still have a long way to go, and the Japanese Navy attaches great importance to the combat capabilities of aircraft carriers.

In addition to aircraft carriers, battleships, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, and surface ships, China may have another way to go, that is, underwater killers and submarines. World War I, World War II, and submarines all showed strong combat capabilities, especially the wolf pack tactics played by the Germans during World War II, which opened a new combat mode in naval battles. If China and Japan had a war, submarine warfare was the most suitable tactic to deal with countries like Japan that lack resources. Moreover, the Soviet Navy did not develop aircraft carriers, but instead brought the combat capabilities of submarines to the extreme.

The submarine technology is still very backward. If you want to obtain submarine manufacturing technology from the Germans, the price you pay will not be too high. I just don’t know whether the Germans have transferred the naval shipbuilding industry to China. At this time, building battleships is similar to building space shuttles in later generations. In addition to extremely expensive money, it has a strong driving effect on national technology, so you cannot play leaps and give up battleships and directly play aircraft carriers.

In November this year, the United States will hold a Washington Conference in order to show its status as a powerful country. During this period, the five naval powers of the United States, Britain, Japan, France and Italy signed the Treaty of Restricting the Navy, which restricted the tonnage of battleships and battlecruisers to be 35,000 tons and the caliber of the main gun must not exceed 16 inches. It also stipulates that the tonnage ratio of the main ships, battleships and battlecruisers of the five navies of the United States, Britain, Japan, France and Italy is 10:10:6:3.5:3.5.

The 15 years from 1922 to 1936 were called the "Naval Holiday" era, and the construction plans of large battleships in various countries were terminated or cancelled, and replaced by the renewal and transformation of existing battleships.

The Germans will definitely not miss the opportunity to redevelop the navy. As long as China seizes the opportunity to cooperate with Germany within these fifteen years, it will definitely catch up. Although it has been a century-old navy, China may not be unable to take a gamble.

Li Changgeng excitedly broke the pencil in his hand and drew the broken pencil on a piece of paper. During World War II, the appearance design of the battleship, especially the part below the bow of the bow, uses a bulbous bow, which is about 3 meters below the waterline. Compared with the sharp bow, this new configuration can reduce the wave resistance by 8%, and at the same time reduce the waterline of about 3 meters, thus saving about 30 tons of water displacement. He is planning to use this thing to fool the German battleship manufacturing technology and submarine manufacturing technology. As for aircraft carriers, a magic weapon for future naval victory, he plans to close the door and play slowly, and he has to enjoy the good things by himself. (To be continued, please search for astronomy, the novel is better, updated and faster!
Chapter completed!