Chapter 10: Layout the World (Two)

After taking a shower, Zhu Yinglong took a short rest and led Sun Chengzong, Xu Guangqi and other confidant ministers to the Palace of Health. Today they are going to discuss reforming the household registration system of the Ming Dynasty. This reform was also something that Zhu Yinglong had been planning for a long time. The reason why he proposed it at this time was to take advantage of the great loss of the strength of the gentry and the powerful royal family members to complete it in one go. This will bring a lot of convenience to his later reforms.

Of course, it is impossible to eliminate the privileges of the gentry, local powers and royal family influences at once. Even the later democratic republic stages could not eliminate the class influence in people's hearts. Therefore, Zhu Yinglong did not want to abolish the class and make everyone equal, because that is unrealistic. Abolishing the class also reduced people's desire and desire to enter. If you do nothing, everyone is the same, then what else can you do? But what he wants is to blur the class, pull the vast majority of people to an equal development status, abolish certain discrimination, abolish some unreasonable systems, and on the basis of elevating the status of some people, try to avoid the rebound of the strength of the gentry's powerful people in the upper class of society.

In the future reform, the household registration system will be a system closely related to the people. After the new tax law reform, the original household registration system is not very suitable, so the household registration system must be changed. Since the imperial court abolished the ward system, coupled with the recruitment system of the previous few emperors, the imperial household registration system was quite chaotic, which has brought great difficulties to the tax department of the Ministry of Finance. It can be said that before Zhu Yinglong ascended the throne, the imperial court's local tax and territorial tax collection were in chaos. Coupled with the incompetence and greed of the local government, the imperial court could collect less than half of the tax revenue every year. Local governments abused their power, randomly increased taxes, and enriched their private pockets, while refugees were four.

It is circulated that thieves are rampant. The court still collects taxes based on the household registration list that was registered with the Ministry of Revenue decades ago. Haha, in this case, the finances are not deteriorating. Now the court's finances are mostly based on several major tax revenue owners who have been rectified in advance. Salt and iron are still the main body of the court's income. The local tax and tax tax are only paid in one battle. In order to restore vitality, the court exempted the local tax from two to five years, so the tax collected is even less. Although the court has proposed the policy of "spreading the resident into the acres and serving the gentry as a whole, and paying grain", it is probably difficult to implement without a corresponding household registration system.

Scholars, farmers, industry and commerce are four very rigorous class systems in feudal society. In the early Ming Dynasty, a relatively complete household registration management system was established, which was divided into three categories: private households, military households, and craftsmen, and taxes and service were collected based on them. Among them, private households are the main bearers of the country's regular taxes and service. Military households and craftsmen have special burdens on military and craftsmen, and conventional taxes and service can be moderately reduced and exempted.

The core content of household registration management is Lijia system. Each 110 households are one li (called fang in the city, and near the city is called fang). The 10 households with a lot of grain are the 10 households, and the other 100 households are divided into ten households. Each household is the head of the A. The head of the A takes turns, and rotates it every ten years. They are responsible for managing the households, counting their property changes, urging production, and mediating disputes. On the basis of setting up Lijia, the yellow book is made up, and one book per lijia is published, and the number of 110 households in the 110 households in the 10th year must be re-verified and re-created, and the changes in the population and property of each household over the past ten years are stated, and four details are listed: old management (last registration amount), new collection (new amount), expulsion (reduced amount), and real (current amount), so that the government can clearly understand the household registration.

The changes were made, taxes and service were collected reasonably. In addition, localities were ordered to compile and draw fish scale maps to log in to land. A prefecture and county were divided into several grain areas according to the amount of tax grain. The land situation was measured separately, and the area, topography, four directions, soil quality, tax standards, and the name of the land owner, and the number was drawn as a sub-map, which was collected as a general map of prefecture and county map. The fish scale maps and yellow books cooperated with each other. Through the statistics of the two major elements of arable land and household registration, household registration and tax management played a huge role in consolidating the economic foundation of the authoritarian state of the Ming Dynasty. However, by the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the yellow books were created gradually, and local officials simply copied the old books to deal with it, and even pre-created the yellow books for the next ten or twenty years in advance, resulting in the "many people who are a hundred years old and have completed the business of the world's preservation". The compilation and drawing of the fish scale maps were basically not carried out again.

The tax collection in the Ming Dynasty basically followed the two tax laws since the Tang and Song dynasties, with land tax divided into summer tax and autumn grain paid twice. Nano wheat is called "original color", and those who take money, banknotes, silk or other products are called "slicing color". The tax rates vary from place to place, and there are different "subjects" and there are very different "character rules". In order to facilitate collection, each prefecture and county divides grain areas, and each grain area has one grain chief, and a large household with more land and more grain is responsible for the tax collection, acceptance and transportation of the district's tax and grain, and also assist the village chief in grassroots management. There are regular servants and miscellaneous servants. The official servants are charged in units of Lijia, also known as Lijia official servants. Every year, one supervisor of the village chief leads one or ten households to serve, which is called "See Year" or "the year"

", the remaining Jiulichang and Jiujia households were successively in service within nine years after that, called "Pai Nian". The main work of the Lijia official is to assist the grain chiefs in urging money and grain, assist the government in maintaining public order, arresting criminals, transporting tribute materials (usually local specialties), supporting the government's public use, etc. In addition, the battles assigned by the government are collectively called erotic service, also known as "miscellaneous". The number of the title is greater, mainly including government dispatch, warehouses, post delivery, civil engineering and other work, and the grain chief is also among the erotic service. The erotic service is basically a temporary assistant, and the standard for the assignment is based on the territorial service in the Yellow Book, and the grain conditions are mainly divided into three grades and nine. Those with more territorial service are responsible for heavy service, and those with less territorial service are responsible for light service.

In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, land annexation and social disparity gradually intensified, and large officials and gentry households tried every means to avoid taxes and service, and the burden of taxes and service in the middle and lower households continued to increase. Every time they went bankrupt and exile, it seriously affected social stability and the government's fiscal revenue. At the same time, the taxes and service methods, especially the complications of the comrades and service units were complicated and chaotic, and clerks worked together, and the disadvantages abounded. The requirements for reforming the tax and service system were increasing, and many local officials had begun to make changes according to local conditions. In the early years of Emperor Shenzong, Zhang Juzheng was in power and widely implemented the tax and service reform nationwide, which was the "one-whip law". The one-whip law took the basic principle of simplifying the projects and procedures for tax and service to be collected, and stipulated that each prefecture and county would calculate the annual regular and service costs in silver.

A "slave silver" is obtained, and then "measure the land and count the cal", that is, according to the two standards of cal and grain, it will be divided into each household. Each grain is cal and cal and cal and cal and levy, and finally merge with the land tax (also valuation silver). This method combines the original complex tax and service items, with the collection procedures simple, and the measurement and income are divided, so that the households know the amount of payment, so that officials are not easy to cheat. The unified silver discount promotes the development of the commodity economy, and the people are subject to the personal constraints of the country, which is weakened. The land tax and silver discount can avoid the hardships of transportation and officials being picky. The standard for collecting labor silver is also more heavy than when the previous service was in charge, which is beneficial to farmers who have no land and little land.

In the late Ming Dynasty, the Lijia system gradually collapsed and the Baojia system began to adopt a new household registration management system. The focus was on maintaining local public security, which had nothing to do with the officers, and the division was more flexible than Lijia. The number of A and the number of households under each insurance were not fixed. The principal of Baojia's appointment was regardless of assets, but mainly used "those who are convinced by the public". Baojia's book only wrote the origin of the book, the Dingkou, and did not include the property status and household registration category. However, the Lijia system was not cancelled, but it was gradually becoming famous and unreal.

In addition to these three major households and the corresponding household registration management system, there is another type of people living in, all of whom are collectively called "untouchables".

"Unpardon" is mainly divided into four categories. The first category is slaves, and the number is quite large. The second category is tenant servants, that is, domestic servants and servants hired by landlords, wealthy families, bureaucrats and other families in contracts. Their identities are slightly higher than those of slaves, but their personal relationships are partly subordinate to the masters and are also "Unpardon". The third category is ordinary civilians who are not recognized in society, including music households, beggar households, lazy households, (pronounced dɑn eggs), family servants, companions, etc. The fourth category is employed workers. These four types of people belong to the "Unpardon" level, have no social status, and are discriminated against in person. However, the ranks of these four types of "Unpardon" are not exactly the same. The social status of slaves is the lowest, and they are the lowest level of untouchables. They cannot intermarry with "good people".

Their children are also "unpreienced people"; tenants and their masters also have personal affiliation. They cannot take the imperial examination, and they cannot even wear uniformly with "good people". They must wear clothes and shoes with the "unpreienced people". They are different from slaves: tenants serve as masters according to the provisions, while slaves are unconditional. The personal body of the tenants is only partially affiliated with the master, and the tenants have their own family, life, etc. Although there is no fixed owner of the funeral household, beggar household, lazy household, household, etc., their legal status is basically the same as that of tenants. The employer has a personal affiliation with the owner during the period specified in the contract. The contract ends, and the affiliation with the original owner also ends. To be precise, the employer should belong to the same level as the good people and the unpreienced people.

When Emperor Yongle of Ming seized the world, he firmly supported the officials of Emperor Jianwen. After Emperor Yongle ascended the throne, in addition to harming these political enemies, he also punished their wives and daughters into the Jiaofangsi and acted as official prostitutes, and passed them on from generation to generation and practiced lowly careers for a long time. They wanted to escape from the lowly situation, but because they were trapped in the Fuzhi family, the government did not allow them to be abused, and local gentry bullies also took them as targets, and they did not allow them to jump out of the fire pit. Since then, all the children of all offenders have been replaced by lowly households, so they have become customized.

The "Eight Beauties of Qinhuai" known to later generations are all born in this way, but at this time the Ming Dynasty's building had reached an end. Although people who were in a lowly family could be separated with the help of others, their status was still not as good as those of good people. Even if women born in a lowly family get married in the future, they would not be able to get a high status at home. After becoming a good person, they may not have a good life. Most lowly family women who became a good person will not have a happy ending, especially in the late Ming Dynasty, under the influence of Wang Yangming's "mind learning" prevailing, they were overcorrected. The sexual liberation movement came too fast and too fiercely. Although it created the prosperity of the "prostitute culture" in China for 5,000 years in the late Ming Dynasty, this slutty sound appeared too often, but it ruined the Ming Dynasty's territory in one fell swoop.

In this world, as long as there are men and women, prostitutes cannot be eliminated. Although human physiological desires are the most basic, they are exactly what they need most. Therefore, the existence of prostitutes can only be controlled but not eliminated. People who operate this kind of flesh-related business, whether men or women, are the lowest level of society. Even if they are called again and have influence, they are the objects of guidance and ridicule. And how strict the feudal hierarchy has been passed down for thousands of years? Zhu Yinglong asked himself that he had great skills and could not change it.

, but it can only change gradually with time, but although the level cannot be eliminated, Zhu Yinglong can still change some status quo. He can hold everyone on the same starting line, scholars, farmers, industry and businessmen are cheap. As long as they are born, he can give them the same identity. As for what class they can reach, whether it is one person or more than ten thousand people, or a lowly prostitute who sells their bodies, this is their own choice. What he wants to implement is the national identity card system.

Under this system, no matter you are a high-ranking official or a prostitute, you will obtain the status of a citizen of the Ming Empire, that is, nationality. While obtaining your own identity, everyone is equal and there is nothing special. Every Ming person has a special number. This number is enjoyed. From the moment of origin, this number is fixed. This is the only number owned by every Ming person and cannot be changed!

Then there is the household registration system, which will also be a huge census. Previously, due to frequent domestic wars, people fled everywhere to avoid war disasters. The census was carried out at the same time as the census of arable land. From the figures, it can only be a divisor. Therefore, this time the imperial court implemented a new household registration system. Registering household registration will count individuals, which will bring great help to the future collection of taxes and household registration management.

The new household registration system will greatly enhance the country's control over the migrant population, and with a certificate, it will replace the previous road guide. As long as you are not a crime, you can travel around the world without any obstacles. This is a huge blessing for businessmen who like to do business everywhere. With this, the world can go, and this source of wealth will naturally come.

The Census Division was established. Huang Daozhou served as the envoy of the Census Division and selected a number of officials sent to Beijing for training from all over the country. These officials were all civil servants who were certified. In the future, the court will absorb a large number of young scholars to participate in official training in addition to the imperial examination. If they pass the imperial examination, they will issue certificates and the court will assign them to government officials at all levels. Although they can only start with a minor official, for some scholars, there are absolutely twelve good choices. Thousands of troops cross a single-plank bridge. The road to the imperial examination is too difficult. Not everyone can achieve success. Besides, even if they become minor officials, as long as they are fame, they can still participate in the imperial examination in the future. At least they have a job and live a worry-free life. Moreover, the court has no right to dismiss the local chief officials, so there is no need to act according to the expression of the chief officials and do the kind of flattery against their will.

All the important officials in the seat knew that the emperor wanted to change the entire Ming Dynasty from the root. This was an unprecedented feat. Once completed, it would be a new Ming Dynasty, no less than the achievements of Taizu Kaiyuan's founding emperor.
Chapter completed!