Chapter 272 268.Mirror examination (1)

Whether it is traditional Chinese medicine or Western medicine that has not evolved into modern medicine, they all believe that the characteristics of urine are closely related to human diseases, thus developing their own urine test methods. However, before modern medicine matured, Western medicine's urine test was more like a variety of people.

The carnival of chemical reagents, but there are few dabblings in the microscope. [1]

Of course, few do not mean there is no.

Kawei was not the first doctor to put urine under a microscope. After all, microscopes had existed as early as the 17th century, and there was never a shortage of "boring" scholars in the Enlightenment era. However, in history, we have been looking for it by boredom.

There are countless fun coming, but there are only one in a million people who can truly conduct scientific argumentation.

This kind of playful observation was not until the 19th century, relying on the opportunity of medical progress toward great progress, and slowly got on the right track in clinical practice. [2]

Like other medical developments, the so-called "get on track" of microscopy is not achieved overnight. It takes a long time now, and it is necessary to wait until the end of the 19th century to be truly accepted by clinicians.

Considering that the quality of the hospital's microscope cannot be compared with modern times and the urine precipitation is not as smooth as the centrifuge, Kawei asked Edham to drink more water and prepare more materials. It was already evening when he returned to the hospital.

At 7 o'clock, Koch took Savalin, Matik and Albuck for a long time.

"What do we need to check?" Savalin asked.

"This." Kawei put a few test tubes filled with reddish urine on the tube rack. "You should have heard that a patient came to the French Embassy, ​​and hematuria was the color just like this now. We

It needs to be diagnosed and then he is cured."

“The color is really obvious.”

"How to dilute? Use water?"

"Okay, I'll try."

"Does the surgery be done?" Savalin asked.

The tissue of the sediment is gently applied to the slide, then dripped into methylene blue and stained, and placed under a microscope. [4]

The equipment factory is more like Kawei's private equipment development factory. If it weren't for the PASAC war, Kawei would have unilaterally paid for the transaction.

"The next day is human nature." Kavey sighed, "Don't just think about studying the subject, sometimes you have to look at the outside world."

".It's okay, I already have a way," Koch said. "You can dilute these extracts to reduce their concentration. Although the content of bacteria will also decrease, bacteria are living creatures and they will continue to reproduce."

"The first point is a small loophole in the experiment."

After filling in this loophole, Koch really couldn't think of any other shortcomings and asked, "What is the second point?"

"Well, it does need to be diluted twice more so that the original extract content can be completely removed, but the bacterial content can be retained to ensure that the experiment is absolutely objective." Koch was a little excited, "If this experiment is successful, then the anthrax bacillus is the same as that."

It is the only pathogenic factor of anthrax.”

Kawei opened several experimental reports and found the experimental process column, saying: "The inoculum you chose is not pure bacteria, nor can it be pure bacteria, but tissue extract mixed with bacteria, blood and ooze.

Liquid. This will make people wonder whether it is anthrax caused by these bacteria, or another substance that comes with these liquids acting as carriers, a pathogenic substance that no one knows about."

Kawei put his eyes on the test tube rack just now, and soon everyone else, including Koch, also looked at the test tube rack: "Yes, urine! There is protein, blood in the urine, and there is also a mess.

If you pile things up, you will definitely support the growth of anthrax bacteria!" [3]

"right."

Kawei said a lot of knowledge points in a row, and also drew a sketch on the paper: "When you see the tumor cells, come to me, it is the key to diagnosis."

After Kawei solved his experiment, he looked at Savalin sitting beside him.

"I have red blood cells all here, there are too many. But I saw two in the corner." Savalin said, "The cells are very large, the nucleus is also very large, and the cell plasma is very rich." [11]

He knew that Savalin was the mentality that he helped you Kavi first, so why did he tend to be Koch who came in the end?

Koch is like a passerby who is unaware of it in the game.

"I used to see anthrax from time to time in a small town in Lombardy. Some of my skin was ulcerated and I had to do amputation, but in the end it was useless." Kavey said, "Typhoid fever is different, it is completely unrelated to surgery."

side."

It is a good thing to have competition, but too much competition can also cause headaches.

"Red blood cells are biconcave disc-shaped, with a diameter of 8m, and the consistent shape indicates non-renal bleeding [5];

The white blood cells are spherical, with a diameter of 10-14m, which is larger than the red blood cells. After staining, the particles in the cytoplasm will be clear and clear [6];

The other irregular cells that are larger than white blood cells are epithelial cells. The individuals are larger than white blood cells, irregular in shape, and edges with edges. You can see the nucleus [7];

In addition, you can also see that the tube shape formed after protein polymerization is a cylindrical protein aggregate formed by coagulation of proteins, cells and their disintegration products in the renal tubules and collection tubes. It is the most valuable pathological component in urine sediment.

. Sometimes red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells, etc. will also gather around [8];

Finally, it is crystallization, showing a sparkling octahedral or envelope-like shape, with two diagonal lines intersecting each other, sometimes in a diamond shape and other forms. It can also occasionally be seen as dumbbell or cake shape [9]

"This urine sediment examination mainly examines tumor cells." Kawei wanted a teacher to inform the precautions before the examination, "You must find them from a bunch of red blood cells, white blood cells, and epithelial cells.

All this is the amount, and you have to find Edham to ask for it tomorrow after using it, so it is better to end the battle in one go."

"But that's not what you said about Koch's anthrax." Savalin was obviously mentally unbalanced.

"I thought you would help Koch do those experiments." Kawei teased, and casually took away one of the medical records and started reading.

After hearing that there was something wrong with his experiment, he couldn't help feeling a little disappointed, but he was more curious. He had already devoted all his energy to anthrax, and as long as there was something worth improving, he had to make up for it in time: "Where is it?

Two o'clock?”

"Where are the others?"

"Hmm? Human relationships? Look outside?" Koch is still young and doesn't understand what he means. "I am a researcher, of course I do research. As for the outside world, as long as I can keep living, the rest of the world is nothing to do with me.

How much relationship.”

"Of course I believe that the experiment results are correct, because the experiment results are my guess." Kawei said, "I just took a quick look in the carriage. The design and process of the experiment were good, but there were still some flaws inside.

After thinking about it, I felt that there were two things that needed to be corrected.”

"Do you know how to control it?"

Koch admires Kavi's ability very much. It is already very advanced to be able to suggest that Bacillus anthrax infection caused by anthrax.

"The same liquid is not harmful to humans themselves, and it can also provide the nutrients they need to grow."

When the project enters a familiar field, especially if you have handled it, your confidence will naturally increase greatly.

Koch was a little surprised at the development of world technology: "Has anyone discovered it?"

Whether it comes first or comes later, or his clinical qualifications and Pu'O nationality, he should be ranked first. He gave the most important result to Koch. Not only did he not convinced, but even Matic, who was by his side, felt strange.

of.

Savalin knew that he did not have the research mind like Koch, but he also graduated from medicine and was older, so he really didn't want to be in the forefront: "I just want to know what you think about typhoid fever?"

Savalin sat next to Koch, in front of him the medical record he had just collected. It seemed to be a big deal, but he actually didn't have much confidence. The momentum at the beginning had been damaged by the complicated collection process and uncertain results.

It's gone.

Now that surgical technology is absolutely invincible, the laboratory is one of the main directions of Kawei's promotion, and the second is the medical device factories and pharmaceutical factories in Laslow.

Kawei stopped his mouth that was about to open his mouth and said, "Don't worry, listen to me first. What I did before puerperal fever was just a preliminary experiment, just like what Koch did before. You only have a simple experimental report,

There was no bacterial culture, nor was it written into a paper.”

Besides, they were convinced that it was anthrax caused by bacteria. The experiment was on the road of truth, and the results were consistent with the conclusion. It was impossible to be wrong: "I have been thinking about it for a long time, and there is no problem with the experiment. In the end, as long as I write the relevant papers well,

It can be published in the Journal of Vienna.”

Among them, pharmaceutical factories have an absolute advantage. Several drugs have made a lot of money through the acquisition of the Empire themselves. The equipment factories are not good at all. The spread of surgical operations is not that simple. The difficulty is not to use theory to determine the use of drugs.

Compare it.

Koch had the fastest speed, and his eyes left the microscope within a while: "I saw it, it was very different from the epithelial cells and had a strange shape. However, after the high-power mirror and staining were combined, I could see it very clearly."

"Don't worry, I have asked the French Embassy to do it. Of course, the premise is that Mr. Edham's hematuria must be cured."

"If you really want to work hard on microbial areas, you can get rid of the previous puerperal fever first."

Kawei nodded: "I don't need to say more about theories, you all know very well. The discovery of tumor cells in the urine indicates that there is a tumor in the urinary tract. The tumor is easy to fall off and ulcer, which basically clarifies hematuria.

The source of

Of course, there will also be bacteria in the urine, and it is not difficult to see [10]. But I hope you are still looking for tumor cells, which are much larger than epithelial cells, and the cells have different sizes, piles or scattered in the ground.

It forms suspicious cell clusters. The size is several times that of normal white blood cells, dozens or even hundreds of times.”

"When you and Matic have solved puerperal fever together, and have the ability to design experiments and write papers by yourself, I think you can consider typhoid fever." Kavey said, "You just asked me what I think about typhoid fever,

I think it's better to go through medical journals in other countries."

“England and Prussia are OK too.”

Before hearing this passage, I was walking on the road I thought was right, thinking that I was walking very steadily, and firmly believed that the end was right in front of me. But after hearing this passage, a secret door suddenly appeared beside the road I was walking on.

: "It makes sense, it makes sense! Why did I forget that there is still this variable!"

Excavating the role of microorganisms in various plagues was an important discovery in medicine in the late 19th and early 20th century. Although modern medicine can already grasp most of the bacteria, it was a major project that could save tens of millions of lives.

"This water may not work," Koch said after thinking, "Bacteria need nutrition to grow, but if it is water, it may stop growing soon."

"There has been sedimentation. When the sedimentation process is completed, we will take the sediment below for a microscope." Kawei asked them all to sit down, but he was still standing. "We need to wait a while now, so we will just talk about this part first."

Time Koch's experimental results."
To be continued...