Phosphorus has several different elemental states in nature, but its properties vary greatly. Later safety matches were used on a large scale only with red phosphorus. However, Chen Xu did not remember the preparation method of red phosphorus at all, and the production of white phosphorus was also very dangerous, and it would burn and explode if you were not careful.

In human history, chemical experiments were completed by countless people with their lives. In later factory disasters, chemical factories were also the most dangerous places. If something happened, it would be a waste. If something happened, it would not be too small. It would explode like the end of the world. Dozens or hundreds of casualties were simply common.

Although chemical research is dangerous, it has to be said that chemical experiments are full of infinite mystery and have attracted the fanatical pursuit of countless enthusiasts.

In history, the discovery of phosphorus can be said to be a strange thing, because an ancient saying spread among medieval European alchemists that as long as you find something called philosopher stone, you can turn stones into gold. So countless alchemists began to craze and search for philosopher stones, hiding in a dark hut, chanting various spells, burning stones, stirring liquids, and being interested in all yellow things. Various stools and urine are also the objects of their research. So a guy made dozens of barrels of urine for steaming and refining. Just like Chen Xu made nitroso soil in Xiaohe Village, the urine was finally refined through various different methods, and occasionally found that some waxy white substances were produced and green light was emitted in the dark laboratory.

Later, this substance was named phosphorus, which originally meant cold light. After phosphorus was discovered, its flammable properties were quickly used, and it was first used on matches.

Matches were actually very early in the Academy of Sciences. After the preparations were completed, the Academy of Sciences began. Because there was a foundation for gunpowder research, and there was no shortage of flammable materials such as saltpeter and sulfur. Therefore, Chen Xu asked the craftsmen to conduct experiments with various flammable materials countless times, and finally made a match that burned by friction flint powder. The formula of this primitive matches includes saltpeter, sulfur, trace iron powder and tung oil, which is almost a replica of the ignition and explosion process of gunpowder.

Although this kind of primitive match can be ignited, the success rate is not high, and the chance of ignition is related to luck. Sometimes one piece of luck is ignited if it is ignited, sometimes it can be ignited for more than seven or eight, and even one box can be lit even if it is used up. Therefore, although matches are very popular in the Academy of Sciences system, they have a nickname called Lucky ignition stick. Before igniting each match, it is best to pray devoutly in the heart to protect Taiyi Immortal.

But even if the matches are not easy to use, they are still much more convenient than flint. Because flint ignition also requires carrying flaming velvet that is easy to burn. If it is wet and rainy weather in the wild, it is extremely difficult to make a fire. Therefore, soldiers who march and fight generally cannot eat hot rice, hot vegetables, and drink hot water. First, the conditions do not allow, and second, the environment is too harsh. Maybe the enemy has reached the gate of the military camp before the fire is ignited.

Although the success rate of the lucky ignition stick is not high, it is because it is convenient and fast. As long as it is fired, it is very easy to make a fire. Therefore, it is loved by many people. Some lottery enthusiasts in the Academy of Sciences rely on the chance of matches burning to buy Cuju lottery. One piece is a lucky cover body. You must buy more. You can still buy some of the five, six, seven or eight pieces. As for half a box of non-flammable ones, it is better not to spend money randomly. Even some folk magicians who are proficient in Yijing will buy some matches from the Academy of Sciences through various channels to divine fortune telling.

So the lucky ignition stick is no longer as simple as a small match. It is given more principles of heaven and earth. When a match is burned, a breath of great Taoism is set in the air, and the two energys of yin and yang, the power of the five elements, the fire of the Eight Trigrams and the luck of life.

However, because there has never been a perfect match formula, mainly because there is no phosphorus, Chen Xu did not promote the development and production of matches on a large scale, and Chen Xu did not have time to study it himself. After all, using flint to ignite fire has lasted for tens of thousands of years in human history. The Chinese did not come into contact with the high-end fire-making device of matches until the Opium War. Matches were named foreign fire and were sought after by Chinese people and could not afford it if they were rich and powerful families. Until the founding of New China, flint to make fire was still being used on a large scale among the Chinese people. Then with the stability of the country and the rapid development of industrial methods, flint quickly withdrew from the living scope of the people. However, in Chen Xu's memory, when he was a child, he found flint to make fire in his grandfather's drawer, but later he didn't know which corner he threw it away.

Therefore, under the immature craftsmanship and formula, Chen Xu felt that it would be more economical and suitable for people to continue using flint. After all, a piece of flint can be used as a heirloom for dozens or hundreds of years. And Chen Xu himself does not need to make fire anyway, which is what the servants do. Even if the Hou Mansion still uses drilling wood to make fire, it will not have much impact on him.

But unexpectedly, two years after the establishment of the chemistry laboratory, which has never achieved any results, actually solved the problem of phosphorus. As long as the safe and non-toxic red phosphorus can be integrated, large-scale promotion of matches is basically a natural thing.

In the next few days, Chen Xu went out early and returned late every day. In addition to going to court and handling official duties, he spent almost most of his time in the laboratory. In addition to checking the production process of soap, most of them studied the extraction of yellow phosphorus and the preparation of red phosphorus with Yu Yuan. Of course, the results were also very significant.

With the continuous improvement of the two people, the safe refining of yellow phosphorus was quickly completed. In fact, it is only necessary to pass the heated overflow gas into the water when distilling the phosphorus ore to quickly cool it down. The yellow phosphorus will condense in the water, and it will not burn and volatilize or be stored in cold water. The risk of explosion. However, during the process of converting yellow phosphorus to red phosphorus, the test tube and flask burned and exploded several times during the test. However, the amount of yellow phosphorus taken each time was very small, so it did not hurt people. This test continued until the fifth day. Finally, when the dry distillation was carried out in a completely closed environment, the yellow phosphorus in the flask turned into red powder.

After obtaining this result, Chen Xu finally breathed a sigh of relief. Although there is no thermometer or more precise testing equipment at present, in terms of results, at least a method for converting white phosphorus to red phosphorus has been found, that is, to isolate the air and heat it to a certain temperature under complete sealing, otherwise this conversion process would not have happened.

The rest of Chen Xu didn't plan to get involved, and threw them all to Yu Yuan and several apprentices from the lab.

It is too dangerous to study these things and is not suitable for him, the noble Shangqing and the Marquis.

In recent days, the experiments of soap and soap have also achieved great success. After comparing tests of different formulas, several groups came up with a relatively suitable proportional formula for saponification. It was also found that adding some salt to sodium alkali can make the saponification reaction better. The solidified soap is basically not much different from the soaps in later generations. It is very strong and has a good decontamination effect. The soap made with potassium alkali is not solidified in a bad state, which is a bit like an ointment. After this discovery, Chen Xu felt that he saw the snowflake cream waving to him.

At the moment, it seems that it can be made formally, so Chen Xu asked him to go to an experimental factory outside the city to take back the customized double-layer steamer, and asked a group of priests to weigh the alkali and lard according to the best recipe and put it in the pot to heat and stir for saponification. At the same time, he also asked someone to go to the wooden factory to find someone to specially make a mold for making soap. The structure is very simple, it is a wooden frame composed of several wooden boards to form a square array of five by ten. At that time, just pour the prepared soap liquid in, and after solidification, you can open the mold and get the same size soap.

Two hours later, a pot of lard and alkaline water completed the saponification reaction, and some salt particles were added to continue stirring. The cream-like saponification liquid quickly began to solidify in layers. At this time, while it was hot, pour some flower essential oil and stir quickly, then filtered with gauze, and finally poured into the mold.

In fact, everyone has found that adding salt to the pot cannot speed up the saponification process, but the advantage is that it can speed up the separation and solidification of the saponification liquid. If salt is not added, the soap produced will take at least three days to completely solidify and solidify. However, if salt is added and stirred, the soap can be completely solidified and formed at most two hours. Therefore, in Chen Xu's view, industrial manufacturing is naturally the faster the better.

In the evening, the sun has set.

Just like every day, a group of women radiating in the gate of Qinghe Villa have already been waiting at the door to visit.

Waiting for her husband and the Marquis to come home is the thing they most look forward to every day.

Although Chen Xu went out early and came back late every day these days, he almost went home on time every day at the end of Shen Shi, but today he was almost You Shi, and he had not seen the shadow of Chen Xu's carriage yet.

"Sister Shui, do you want to arrange someone to go to the city to see your husband!" Ying Shiman, who was erect, said with a little worried.

"Yes, Sister Shui, I won't come back so late, will I be in trouble?" Meng Wan was also a little anxious.

"Don't worry, if my husband doesn't go back to the other courtyard, he will definitely arrange for the guards to come back to report. Since there is no, he will definitely come back. Wait..." Shui Qingrou's tone was plain, but she still unconsciously stood on tiptoe towards Xianyang City.

Another moment passed, and the afterglow of the sunset in the sky had begun to darken. Just when the water was gentle and anxious, listening to the clear sound of bells and the faint sound of horse hooves in the evening breeze, the group of women all relaxed their faces in an instant.

"I have never forgotten you in the sunset, stepping through the green grass and sunset in my heart, I am always a little sad that I don't have you in my dream..."

Amid the familiar sound of horse hooves and bells, there was also a familiar sound in the wind humming a brisk and novel song that was getting closer and closer.
Chapter completed!