In 1368, Emperor Huizong of Yuan Dynasty, Tuohuantemuer retreated to Shangdu (now within Zhenglan Banner, Inner Mongolia). The Mongolian nobles continued to maintain their power after retreating to the northern grasslands. This regime was known in history as the "Northern Yuan". The Northern Yuan regime lasted for 2670 years, almost ending with the Ming Dynasty, and finally unified the Qing Dynasty.

The beginning of the North-South confrontation.

After the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, which ruled the country, the Mongolian nobles still tried to re-enter the Central Plains and constantly organized forces to counterattack. In order to consolidate their rule, the Ming Dynasty adopted a strategy of expedition and pacification against Mongolia. As a result, neither side was able to get what they wanted, forming a confrontation between the north and the south.

In the early Northern Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolian nobles relied on three main forces: Kuogut Timur (also known as Wang Baobao), the king of Henan, Yuan, led more than 100,000 troops to occupy Shanxi and Gansu. The Prime Minister of Northern Yuan Nahachu had more than 200,000 troops to defend Liaodong. Yunnan under the jurisdiction of King Liang of Yuan had more than 100,000 troops to support the military operations of the Northern Yuan Emperor. In addition, the Northern Yuan Dynasty still maintained political and economic ties with Goryeo in the east and Uygur areas in the west. In the winter of 1368, Huizong ordered Kuogut Timur to send troops from Shanxi to retake Dadu. During the army journey, Ming general Xu Da took advantage of the situation to attack Taiyuan in his rear. Kuogut Timur returned to the army to rescue, and was attacked by the Ming army. He broke 40,000 troops and led only 18 cavalry to escape into Gansu. Shanxi was occupied by the Ming Dynasty.

In the spring and summer of 1369, Yuan Xiangyesu of the Northern Yuan Dynasty attacked Tongzhou several times (now Tongxian County, Beijing), and were repelled by the Ming army. The Ming army took advantage of the situation to advance north. Huizong retreated from Shangdu to Yingchang (now the west bank of Dalinor, Keshketeng Banner, Inner Mongolia). The king of Zong celebrated his life and Pingzhang was chased and captured by the Ming army, and 10,000 soldiers were captured. Shangdu fell. In April 1370, Kuogut Timur, who was stationed in Sheneryukou (now north of Dingxi County, Gansu), fought fiercely with the Ming army led by Xu Da. Kuogut Timur was defeated and crossed the Yellow River with his wife and a few followers to Mobei Helin, Shaanxi and Gansu were also occupied by the Ming Dynasty.

In that month, Huizong died in Yingchang. In May, the Ming army surrounded Yingchang City. One day, the Libazhe, the concubines, the kings, officials and others, were captured and transferred to the capital. Huizong's son Aipal Shilidala led dozens of cavalry to escape to Helin and met with Kugutemur.

In this year, Aiphenoshi Lidala ascended the throne, called Biliktu Khan, and was named Xuanguang (137I-1378), and later Nozomi Zhaozong.

The Northern Yuan Dynasty retreated step by step, and the Ming Dynasty planned to take advantage of the victory to completely defeat its power to eliminate future troubles. In 1372, the Ming army attacked the Northern Yuan Dynasty in three east and west routes. The Eastern Route Army advanced to the Luqu River (now Keluen River), Tuzu River, Aluhun River (now Orhun River) and Chenghai (now Halawus Hunan in northwest Mongolia), defeating the Northern Yuan army they encountered. However, due to the long journey, they often lacked water and grass, they were stubbornly resisted by the Northern Yuan army, and their own losses were also very serious. The Western Route Army defeated several Northern Yuan troops in Yongchang, Gansu, Saolinshan [in Subei] and other places, and advanced to Yijina Road (now Ejina Banner, Inner Mongolia), surrendered its defenders, and then entered Guazhou (now Anxi East, Gansu), Shazhou (now Dunhuang West, Gansu), and achieved certain victory. The Central Route Army was ruled by Xu Da

He led the army of Kuogutemur in Tutshe. Later, Kuogutemur and Northern Yuan general He Zongzhe joined forces to attack Xu Da's main force and defeated Xu. More than 10,000 people died in the Ming army, and another army of the Central Army was also defeated. Overall, the Ming Dynasty's war against the Northern Yuan Dynasty ended in failure. The Ming Dynasty did not dare to go deep into the northern grasslands in a short period of time, while the Northern Yuan Dynasty fought for a breathing time. The two sides continued to fight in the border areas, with most of the failures of the Northern Yuan. In 1375 [the fifth year of Xuanguang and the eighth year of Hongwu], the Northern Yuan Emperor died in the north of the Mobei, causing the Northern Yuan army to lose a brave general who could fight. This year, Naha attacked the Ming Dynasty's Liaodongzhou City and was defeated repeatedly. 1380 years.

The Northern Yuan Duke Tuohuochi and others often disturbed the Ming border, and were conquered by Yijinai. The following year, the Northern Yuan Pingzhang Naier Buhua was defeated by Xu Da in the border area.

In 1381, the Yuan army that was defending Yunnan was conquered by the Ming army. In the battle of Baishijiang (now northeast of Qujing County, Yunnan), the Yuan army was defeated and captured by 20,000. King Liang saw that the situation was hopeless, so he took his wife and son to commit suicide by committing suicide by committing suicide by joining Dianchi Lake. This force, which echoed the Mongolian nobles in the north of the desert, was wiped out.7

While the Ming Dynasty was willing to work hard to conquer the Northern Yuan Dynasty, it was also a generous treatment and resettlement to a large number of Northern Yuan nobles, officials, military and civilians who were captured in the war. The Ming Dynasty hoped to attract more Northern Yuan people. In the decades of the Ming Dynasty, there were indeed a large number of Mongolians and Han people who ran from the north to the mainland and became subjects of the Ming Dynasty. Of course, the ultimate goal of the Ming Dynasty was to surrender the Northern Yuan Emperor. Zhu Yuanzhang once appointed Libazhao, the son of Zhaozong Aixian Zhilidala, as the Marquis of Chongli, and soon sent him back to Mobei several times. He sent envoys to Aidan Zhilidala to send letters to him and persuade him to surrender as soon as possible. However, the Ming emperor never received a reply from the Northern Yuan Emperor.

The Defeat of Tugustimur

According to the history of the Ming Dynasty, Tuogus Timur may be Maibala, son of Ayushiridala. In 1370, he was captured by the Ming army in Yingchang and returned in 1374. In 1378, Ayushiridala died. He succeeded the Northern Yuan Emperor, known as Usakhar Khan, and his reign was Tianyuan (1379-1388). He continued to adhere to the uncompromising position of the Ming Dynasty.

Before the Ming Dynasty attacked Tugustimur, it needed to eliminate Nahachu. Nahachu, known as a good warrior, led more than 200,000 people to station in Jinshan (now northeast of Shuangliao County, Jilin), and never suffered a great military impact. This powerful force caused the Ming Dynasty to constrain the attack on the Northern Yuan Khan Court.

In 1387, the Ming Dynasty sent 200,000 troops to expedition Naha. The Ming army built four cities, Kuanhe (now Kuancheng County, Hebei), Huizhou, Fuyu (all in Pingquan County, Hebei), and Daning (now Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia) to store grain and grass and use it as a base. Then the army headed straight to Jinshan.

When the Ming army was approaching, Nahachu felt deeply uneasy. At this time, the Ming army sent an envoy to persuade him to surrender. Soon, Nahachu's general, Gong Guantong, surrendered to the Ming Dynasty. After some hesitation and wavering, Nahachu surrendered. In addition to some who fled, all 200,000 tribes were captured, including more than three officials and generals alone. Nahachu was named Marquis of Haixi by the Ming Taizu.

Naha surrendered the crowd, causing a huge change in the situation. The Ming Taizu immediately appointed Lan Yu as the general and conquered the next more important goal - Tugus Timur. He believed that "clearing the desert is here to kill", so he asked Lan Yu not to miss the opportunity and success will be achieved.

In March 1388, Lan Yu led his troops to advance north 150,000. In April, he came to the vicinity of the Fish Sea (now Bell Lake), which was only more than a hundred miles away from the Torgus Tormuer Khan tent. Tormuer thought that the Ming army and Naha had fought for a short time, and the food was scarce, so they would not go deep into the north to fight again, so they were not ready to face the enemy. When the Ming army vanguard rushed to his camp, it happened that the wind and dust were everywhere, and no one was seen a few dozen steps away. The Ming Dynasty soldiers and horses suddenly appeared, and Tormuer

There was no effective resistance at all. The Taiwei Manzi rushed to fight and was soon defeated and killed. Tuogusi Temur took the prince Tian Baonu and Zhiyuan timidly. Prime Minister Shi Liemen and dozens of people fled to Helin. In this battle, Tuogusi Temur's second son Di Baonu, concubines and princesses, more than 3,000 officials, more than 77,000 people, more than 150,000 horses, camels, cattle and sheep, as well as a large number of seals, books, weapons, and vehicles, were all captured by the Ming army.

On the way to escape, Tuogustimur met Yesudier in the Tula River. He and the prince Tianbaonu were killed by Yesudier. He came to Shilien, fled and went south to surrender to the Ming Dynasty.

The Battle of Fisher Sea caused the greatest failure of the Northern Yuan nobles. If they might have had hopes to revitalize their forces to enter the Central Plains before this, then this hope was completely shattered at this time. Since the death of Tugus Temur, Mongolia began to fall into continuous internal strife. Although there were several unifications during this period, it never posed a overturning threat to the Ming Dynasty. The north-south confrontation between the Northern Yuan and Ming Dynasty became a foregone conclusion after the defeat of Tugus Temur.

During the past twenty years, the Ming Dynasty carried out a series of military conquests against the Northern Yuan Dynasty and achieved great victory. However, they knew that this was still far from completely eliminating the Mongolian forces. Although the Mongolian military power declined for a while in the late Yuan Dynasty, once it returned to the grassland, the Mongolians quickly recovered their former brave qualities and showed their characteristics of hard work and ability to fight. At the same time, although the Ming army went deep into the north three or five times to fight, due to logistics and living habits,

It can permanently occupy grassland areas. The Northern Yuan Dynasty and Mongolia were a huge threat to the Ming Dynasty. "Ming History - Military Records" says: "In the end of the Ming Dynasty, border defense was very important," mainly refers to the defense of northern Mongolia. In order to ensure the security of the northern border, the Ming Dynasty established many settings in the Mongolian region that could be controlled and the Mongolian border that could be controlled after a series of military victories. Some of these settings were set up and destroyed, while some had long existed and changed (I) Set up garrisons. This type of guard was surrendered to the head of the Ming Dynasty.

The leader was the governor, commander, commander, thousands of households, hundreds of households, and tutors, and he managed his internal affairs regularly to the Ming court. The most famous Mongolian region was the Taining Guard (now Tao'an area in Jilin), and was initially appointed as the commander of Liao King Azhashili; Fuyu Guard (now Qiqihar area), and Haisandaxi was appointed as the commander of the Tongzhi; Duoyan Guard (now Chuoer River Basin), and Tuluchaer was initially appointed as the commander of the Tongzhi. Taining, Fuyu, and Duoyan Guard were collectively known as the Three Guards of Wuliangha or the Three Guards of Duoshan, and they existed until the end of the Ming Dynasty.

In 2018, the Onon Wei (now the Onen River Basin), Jianhe Wei (now the Genhe area of ​​Erguna Zuoqi), Haila Qianhu Housing (now the Hailar area), Halahawei (now the Hathaha River Basin), etc. were all destroyed shortly after the establishment of these Weishu Housing. Guanshan was once established in Baotou, Hohhot, and Jining areas, Shibaochi, Wuhuacheng, Oluhunu, Yanzhi, Wengjila and other thousand households were established. As the Mongolian forces gradually moved south, these thousand households also quickly disappeared.

In the northwest region of the Ming Dynasty, namely Gansu, western Qinghai, and eastern Xinjiang, Anding, Aduan, Quxian, Handong, Handongzuo, Shazhou, Chijin Mongolia, and Hami, eight guards were successively established, with Mongolian leaders as commanders and other officials, and some were also named Yiwang.

(2) Build the Great Wall. Starting from the Yalu River and along the current Fushun; Changtu, the lower reaches of the Liao River, Heishan, Yixian, and Shanhaiguan, built the moat wall. Starting from Shanhaiguan in the east and to Jiayuguan in the west, after 18 major land and stone constructions, the Great Wall was built, called the border wall. Among them, the inner Great Wall was also built in the south of Xuanhua and Datong, called the secondary wall. This is the Great Wall we saw today. These Great Wall and the Great Wall built with countless manpower, material resources and financial resources were basically to defend the southward movement of the Mongolian cavalry.

(III) Set up important towns along the moat of Great Wall and dispatched heavy troops. From the early Ming Dynasty to the middle of the Ming Dynasty, nine important towns were successively set up to command the frontline soldiers. These nine important towns were collectively called Jiubian Town, namely: Liaodong Town (government of Guangning, now Bei Town, Liaoning), Jizhou Town (government of Santunying, now northwest of Qianxi County, Hebei), Xuanfu Town (government of Xuanfu, now Xuanhua, Hebei), Datong Town (government of the capital is Datong, Shanxi), Shanxi Town (government of the capital is Ningwu, Shanxi), Yansui Town (government of the capital is Ningwu, Shanxi), and Yansui Town (government of Xuanfu, now Xuanhua, Hebei),
Chapter completed!