"Governor, what are the three scientific and technological revolutions?" Wang Cheng asked. He was already ecstatic. It was his first time to get into such systematic knowledge, but even if it was just a sporadic introduction, he had definitely successfully solved the problem, and he even saw a bright future.

"The fundamental change in social productivity achieved under the decisive role of science and technology. It promotes the development of social productivity, promotes economic growth, and leads to corresponding changes in production relations.

After the mid-18th century, in the development of human society, three leaps of social productivity occurred and three scientific and technological revolutions were experienced.

The First Scientific and Technological Revolution The industrial revolution that took place from the mid-18th century to the 19th century was the first scientific and technological change experienced by human society after it developed into the capitalist stage. This scientific and technological revolution was mainly marked by the invention and application of steam engines.

The invention of the steam engine is a milestone in the history of social and economic development. The steam engine can produce completely controlled power and move, unlike the use of hydraulic power as power, which is subject to geographical location, so it can be widely used and the modern large industry will develop quickly. Therefore, Engels pointed out that the steam engine was the first truly international invention, which "turned factory handicrafts into modern large industry, thus revolutionizing the entire foundation of bourgeois society" (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 3, page 301). In 1784, the first in the UK

The completion of a spinning mill powered by steam engines greatly improved the productivity and mechanization of the cotton textile industry. This steam engine was quickly promoted, allowing other light industrial sectors to transition from factory handicrafts to large-scale machinery industry. The invention and widespread application of machines in the light industrial sector also promoted technological innovations in heavy industry and transportation industries, and brought about amazing development of social productivity. By the end of the 1830s, Britain first completed the industrial revolution. Major capitalist countries such as the United States, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan also completed the industrial revolutions in the 19th century.

The industrial revolution not only allowed the capitalist productivity to develop rapidly, but also caused the class structure between people to undergo drastic changes, resulting in new types of capitalists and new types of workers - industrial workers. The entire society is increasingly divided and simplified into two basic classes: bourgeoisie and proletariat. The exploitation relationship of capitalism was established, and the capitalist system has since gained a dominant position in human history.

The Second Science and Technology Revolution In the last decades of the 19th century, new scientific and technological progress emerged. Especially after 1873, a new scientific and technological development was launched. It is mainly marked by the application of new steelmaking methods and electricity, and is usually considered to be in modern human history.

The second scientific and technological revolution.

After the mid-19th century, a series of new industrial sectors emerged. In the metallurgical industry, new steelmaking methods were invented, among which Martin Steelmaking and Thomas Steelmaking were the most prominent. The new steelmaking method greatly improved the steelmaking technology at that time and effectively promoted the establishment of large steelmaking plants and metallurgical plants. At the same time, the invention of aniline dye, potassium-based fertilizers, sulfuric acid and soda, laid the foundation for the development of modern large-scale chemical industry, and chemical methods have since been increasingly widely used in various production departments. In the last 30 years of the 19th century, the application of generators, internal combustion engines, steam turbines, and new engines are

The basic invention of new vehicles such as trams and cars has pushed the development of social productivity to a higher stage. In this scientific and technological revolution, electricity, as an available energy, became a powerful driving force for technological development. By the early 1890s, electricity had begun to be widely used in industrial production. New achievements in science and technology have brought about major changes in the industrial structure of many countries, laying a technical foundation for huge scale of industrial production. After the 1870s, among all the industries of capitalist countries, the light industrial sectors such as textile industry, which originally dominated the textile industry, gave way to heavy industrial sectors such as metallurgy and machine manufacturing.

The improvement of social production level has continuously expanded the scale of enterprises and promoted the concentration of production and capital. In capitalist society, due to the intensification of competition and mergers among capitalists, capital has become increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few large capitalists, leading to the emergence of monopoly. Driven by this scientific and technological revolution, monopoly gradually replaced free competition, forming the rule of monopoly organizations and financial oligarchs, and capitalist society has transitioned to its highest stage in its development - the imperialist stage.

The Third Science and Technology Revolution After World War II, the third scientific and technological revolution, mainly marked by nuclear energy, electronic computers and automation technology, emerged in human history.

This scientific and technological revolution began in the United States in the late 1940s. Later, it gradually expanded to Western Europe, Eastern Europe and Japan, and reached the highest level in the 1960s. This was an unprecedented scale and far-reaching major scientific and technological change in human history. It not only made breakthroughs in individual scientific theories and production technology, but also undergoes profound changes in almost all scientific and technological fields, and quickly caused a greater leap in social productivity. After this scientific and technological revolution, many emerging industrial sectors rose rapidly.

Starting from the polymer synthesis industry, nuclear industry, electronic industry, semiconductor industry, aerospace industry and laser industry, etc. The implementation of comprehensive mechanization and automation of production and the use of the most advanced electronic control devices is a major feature of this scientific and technological revolution. The production of electronic computers is changing with each passing day. Since the world's first electronic computer was successfully developed in 1946 (see color pictures), in less than 40 years, electronic computing technology has made rapid progress at its amazing speed and is constantly updated and replaced, and its component technology has developed

, has gone through four generations and is currently moving towards the fifth generation. The development of aerospace technology is a comprehensive product of the scientific and technological revolution. Since the emergence of artificial satellites in the late 1950s, manned space flights, moon landings, and explorations of Mars, Saturn and other planets in the solar system have been carried out, opening the prelude to human progress towards the universe. The development of aerospace technology will play an immeasurable role in the development of social productivity. In recent years, people have been discussing that a new scientific and technological revolution will break out, or the "Fourth Industrial Revolution"

"The new industrial revolution" and the problem of "new industrial revolution". They predict that a new world scientific and technological revolution will flourish in the late 20th century or early 21st century. This new scientific and technological revolution refers to the development of a series of emerging industries dominated by electronic computers, including bioengineering, optical fibers, new materials, new energy, marine development and other fields. It will promote a new leap in social productivity and further improve the level of economic management, and its impact on mankind will be more profound than the previous scientific and technological revolutions.

The occurrence of the scientific and technological revolution marked by the steam engine in the 18th century played a role in further consolidating the bourgeois rule. The powerful productivity bursting out in that technological revolution showed economic progress in capitalist production relations compared with feudal production relations. Over the past 100 years, with the rapid development of science and technology, the huge leap in social productive forces has increasingly shown that capitalist production relations are increasingly conflicting with the development of socialized large-scale production, especially the emergence of the socialist economic system, which fundamentally shakes the foundation of imperialist rule and makes various contradictions in the capitalist world more acute. In fact, the economic crisis that swept the capitalist world from 1973 to 1975 has made Western countries

The period was in a state of "stagflation" (see stagnation and expansion). Around 1980, the economies of various industrial countries fell into recession one after another. The emergence of the new scientific and technological revolution not only indicates the decline of the traditional "big chimney industry", but also reflects that the basic contradictions of capitalism tend to intensify. In short, the development of the new technological revolution has on the one hand made capitalist production more comprehensive socialization and prepared the necessary material and technical conditions for the socialist revolution; on the other hand, it laid a solid material and technical foundation for the transition from socialist countries to **." Chen Chao drank a sip of water after saying that, but fortunately his memory was good, otherwise he would definitely be embarrassed. Looking at the officials and VIPs who were thinking closely, Chen Chao felt inexplicably excited, which made you uncomfortable.

"The time I just mentioned is the time in my hometown. Don't pay too much attention. Technology is the primary productive force and is also one of the keys to the success of our Yunshan Island model. I hope you all will pay attention to it. I also think that the Science and Technology Bureau under the Industrial Bureau can be specially upgraded to the overall situation." Chen Chao said with a sip of water. (To be continued, please search Piaotianwen, the novel is better and faster!
Chapter completed!