Tangning is now feeling sick. She originally expected that the plan for one year would not be able to hold on after only six months. She hurriedly entered her first hibernation, and her body remained in Buenos Aires, making a foresight for the next step to Antarctica.

When he was awakened a month later, he felt very uncomfortable and had a tendency to be severely disgusted with the world. It seemed that this was the unexpected consequence of hibernation technology. He hurriedly learned about the development of current affairs. Vice Chairman Lin had already forced the British government to surrender through a large army, and Queen Victoria became the queen of the British Empire again.

Edward VII, who was pulled out to be king by the former British government, was sent to Nigeria to be a governor without real power.

The second time, after Downing set it for half a year, it was only in the middle of 1876 that the world had changed a lot. The last stubborn resistance in the United States of America was surrounded and suppressed by the United Nations' 100,000 troops, and the US military was defeated. These 100,000 troops were fighter jets, not infantry, so it would be strange if they didn't win.

During Downing's brief soberness, he contacted Linfell, who excitedly expressed that he must let him preside over the signing ceremony of the United Nations Magna Carta. Downing agreed, and he intuitively felt that this was his last appearance on earth. He wanted to appear with Linfell, Sissi, and his daughter Erin, and make a brilliant debut in San Francisco, the United Nations headquarters, and disappear like a meteor.

In order to stay awake during the entire signing ceremony, he will take powerful biochemical drugs to hijack dopamine in his brain, addiction, etc., and can't he go crazy after the last time?

Many media have received news that Emperor Tang was about to attend the United Nations General Assembly, and have reported that it has also made the Emperor's security team very busy. They must be motivated and have all the most advanced security weapons.

These security weapons are unimaginable to ordinary people, but they seem extremely relaxed on the surface. Emperor Tang stood carelessly behind the microphone to give a speech after the signing ceremony. Thousands of participants in the United Nations Conference Center heard extremely enthusiastic voices, paying tribute to the unquestionable Emperor of Earth.

Emperor Tang called "the peace of all ages". No monarch in history has made such great contributions. To achieve peace of all ages and become the most powerful figure in the world, the Emperor Tang, must retreat like General Washington, and now he has achieved a semi-retreat.

Vice Chairman Lin is also very strong, but he is still a little bit worse than Emperor Tang, and is suitable for retirement. When she retreats behind the scenes 15 years later, the world will be truly democratized.

The barrister group composed of the British and American legal systems and the German and French legal systems form the international officials. This is the judicial pole. The rational faction led by the academic elites of the Global Polytechnic University Alliance forms the ruling pole, and then the legal pole is established by the entire United Nations citizen group, and the separation of powers in the global world was established.

Not only is there a global coalition government, but there is also a separation of powers, and news supervision established by the Internet. It is difficult for Downing to imagine that the Earth Empire he created would be uneasy. However, he was not very interested in the disputes in human society. At the great moment of the signing ceremony of the Magna Carta, he delivered a speculative speech on the ultimate science.

The topic of the speech was “Where do we come from”.

The Emperor started speaking:

"Ladies and gentlemen: Welcome to the new United Nations General Assembly, a new conference, a new human being. At the beginning of this new era, I think everyone must be concerned about where human beings will go. However, what I want to show you today is the peak of our past and today's scientific achievements.

After knowing the past and knowing the present, we will have our own opinions on the future in the debate. We don’t need me or other authorities to interpret too much. The world is full of uncertainty. When we understand trends and major trends, everything is in our hearts.

What I want to talk about seems to be the issue of "creation". To understand the greatness of true creation, we must understand how grand and vast our world is now.

Decades ago, astronomers had measured how far away the stars closest to the sun were. The method he used was no essential difference from the method of Tosenicau, the director of the Alexander Library in ancient Greece when he measured the size of the earth in 240 BC.

The sunlight can be seen as shining on the earth in parallel, because the most advanced scientists at that time were already willing to accept the seemingly unlikely fact that the earth was round.

So Director Tosenicau had a sudden idea that the curve of the earth would make the noon time in the city of Seini, Egypt, 800 kilometers away from Alexandria, different from that of Alexandria. At the same time, measuring the shadows generated by the sun in the two cities can obtain two elevation angles, plus the distance of 800 kilometers, the diameter of the earth can be estimated.

This is called the 'parallax method'. It can measure the distance from the earth to the moon very well. The optimal accuracy is based on the diameter of the earth as the baseline. At this time, dividing by 2 is the parallax of the earth. The distance between the earth and the moon was measured by Ptolemy in this way to be 57 arc minutes.

One-360th of the circumference is one degree, and one-60th of the circumference is an arc. The distance between other stars and the earth is much farther than that between the moon and the earth. Only when the telescope develops greatly can extremely small parallax measurements be carried out. French astronomer J.D. Cassini measured the parallax of Mars in 1673.

Starting from Mars, humans have been able to easily measure the distance between planets in the solar system, and finally continuously improve the accuracy, and estimate the size of the solar system is becoming more and more accurate.

Humans cannot stop exploring and finally turned their attention outside the solar system. The reason why the stars there are called stars is because people once thought they were eternal and immovable. However, some astronomers expressed doubts, believing that stars are not motionless, but because they are too far away from us and look like they are still.

This distantness is really beyond the original observation method hundreds of years ago. In 1718, British astronomer Halley first observed the self-propelled stars. Movement between distant stars and closer stars can be observed, which is called the self-propelled stars.

Halley discovered that the positions of the three brightest stars in the sky: Sirius, Nanhe three stars and Arc de Arctic star did not match the records of Greek astronomers. Even considering that the ancient Greeks observed the starry sky with the naked eye at that time, the gap was too large, so it should be a very reliable evidence that the stars are not eternally stable.

These three stars are relatively close stars, but even so, their distance from us is so far. Even if Halle uses the diameter of the earth around the sun as the baseline and observes it once every six months, he still cannot measure any parallax.

Astronomical telescopes have been continuously improved for 100 years. Every time astronomers want to use a newly invented telescope to measure the parallax of stars, they will return without resilience. Scientists' estimates of the distance between stars are getting farther and farther.

This situation did not change until the 1830s. German astronomer Bessel invented the "Hydrainmeter" because it was originally used to measure the diameter of the sun. However, theHydrainmeter can also measure the distance between stars and stars. Bessel noticed the change in distance between stars month after month, and finally measured the parallax of the first star in history.

His choice is a small star in Cygnus that is very large every year, called Cygnus 61. He has been observing Cygnus 61 for more than a year before he gets the measurement results. This result brings the astronomical distance to the subarc second level, and the result he gets is 0.31 arc seconds.

This epic distance number is 100 trillion kilometers. When we use trillions as units, we know that we need to invent a new unit, otherwise it will be difficult to remember if it continues to develop. The upper limit of the speed of light in the universe will be used as a distance unit.

By the speed of light, we can set the distance between 61 stars in Cygnus to 11 light years, which is easy to remember.

With precedents, the measurement of nearby stars was immediately developed. Two months after Bessel's successful measurement, British astronomer Henderson measured the closest star Centaurus A, which I think should become common sense for humans: 4.3 light years.

Before I personally joined the observation army, I also funded a large number of astronomers to build better telescopes, with a total of 70 stars measured by the parallax method. The farthest number is about 100 light years, which is not very reliable because it is too far, and 100 light years is probably the limit of the parallax method.

There are about 6,000 stars that we can see with the naked eye, and we can measure only 70 distances. It is really a long way to go. However, with the distance numbers of these 70 stars, astronomers can use counting to make a rough estimate of the size of our Milky Way.

When Galileo pointed the telescope he invented was aimed at the Milky Way in 1609, he and his friends were shocked. The sky, which had only more than 6,000 stars, suddenly became countless, as if God had sprinkled a handful of corn flour in the sky. (Corn flour is the main ingredient of Shandong pancakes that Tangning likes to eat)

In 1785, w. Herschel estimated the number of stars in the Milky Way, about 100 million. We can use a small experiment to confirm a famous law: the brightness of a star is one-ninth of that of b, and the distance of a star is three times that of b.

Herschel, assuming that all stars have the same brightness, can draw a very rough number for the size of the Milky Way. Based on the brightness level of these stars, he concluded that the diameter of the Milky Way is about 850 times the distance to the bright Sirius, and the thickness of the Milky Way is 150 times that of this distance.

According to the latest data on Sirius distance, Hersh's estimate is that the diameter of the Milky Way is 7500 light-years and the thickness is 1300 light-years. Based on our current telescope manufacturing technology and calculation methods, the number of Milky Way stars we know is far more than 100 million, and the brightness (size) of stars cannot be the same.

However, this is the first time that humans have extended their imagination of the universe to a series of nearly ten thousand light years. Why did I intervene in stellar measurements? That's because an astronomer asked me, I recently discovered through the solar spectrum that the sun is composed of hydrogen and helium. What's the point?

I said that the sun has helium, which means that helium is more common among stars and can be used to explain Cepheid variable stars. On September 10, 1784, Edward Pigot detected the luminosity change in Aquila, which is the first classic Cepheid variable star to be described.

A few months later, John Goodlic made a precise measurement of the variable star Cepheus discovered by the fire. Cepheus's visual magnitude was 3.7 when it was brightest, 4.4 when it was darkest, and the light change period was 5 days, 8 hours, 47 minutes and 28 seconds.

How to explain this rare variable star phenomenon? Helium, under normal circumstances, has two electrons, ionized at high temperatures and loses electrons, the surface of the star is full of ionized helium. According to the temperature, ionization can be divided into single-electron ionization and double-electron ionization.

The transparency of double-electron ionized helium has a significant difference compared with single-electron ionized helium. As the stars continue to heat the helium shell, the double-ionization of helium will increase, and its opacity will increase, making the star even more and more high-temperature, so the star begins to expand.

At this time, we see that the luminosity of the variable stars increases. The stars expand to a certain extent and cool the interior down. The double-ionized helium turns back into single ionization, increasing the light transmittance, and increasing the cooling speed. Therefore, the variable stars slowly shrink back, which is a dim process.

There are not many variable stars because they require the size of the star, and the chance to make up elements. However, once its periodicity occurs, it will be relatively stable. This rare star becomes an opportunity to measure the distance of the star. Because the larger the variable week period, the longer the period, which means that we can determine the size of the star (absolute brightness) by observing the cycle.

No matter how far a star is, the period it is observed is unchanged. The variable stars of the same period become darker and farther away. It becomes our unchanging coordinates in the vast starry sky."

The political speech I was originally looking forward to actually seemed to have become a hard science astronomical exchange meeting. Except for those who do not even recognize the basic scientific principles, those who are attracted by measuring astronomical distances are all listened with relish. It is indeed the style of the Emperor of Science and Technology. There is no greatness, glory, or correct pomp, but only hard truths.
Chapter completed!